ArticleBMC oral health2020
Education and income-based inequality in tooth loss among Brazilian adults: does the place you live make a difference?
Article in BMC oral health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Tooth Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Pooled it
- Tooth loss in Brazilian adolescents: a multilevel cross-sectional study.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Edentulism, severe tooth loss, and lack of functional dentition in elderly people in Brazil: prevalence and social inequalities in the 2023 National Oral Health Survey.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Municipal wealth and tooth extractions in the Unified Health System: limits to changing the healthcare model.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Water fluoridation, functional dentition and tooth loss in Brazilian adults: a multilevel analysis of SB Brasil 2023.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Individual and contextual factors associated with tooth loss among Brazilian older adults.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Dental caries misinformation on Instagram: Investigation of sharing and engagement factors.Brazilian oral research · 2026Observational
- Clinical and Radiological Markers of Periodontal Status and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Article
- Intellectual capability and its association with severe dental caries treatment needs in young Israeli adults: a cross-sectional record-based study.Israel journal of health policy research · 2025Article
- Education- and income-based inequalities of functional dentition by dental service utilization.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Article
- Experience of Discrimination and Oral Health Self-Perception: A Cross-Sectional Study among Brazilian Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Assessing the impact of oral health disease on quality of life in Ecuador: a mixed-methods study.Frontiers in oral health · 2024Article
- Co-Payments and Inequality in Gingival Bleeding and Dental Visits.International dental journal · 2023Article
- Analysis of epidemiological trends of and associated factors for tooth loss among 35- to 44-year-old adults in Guangdong, Southern China, 1995-2015: a population-based cross-sectional survey.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Educational inequality in consumption ofFrontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Is the Number of Missing Teeth Associated With Mortality? A Longitudinal Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Knowledge and awareness of dental implants among Syrian refugees: a cross sectional study in Zaatari camp.BMC oral health · 2021Article
- Predictors of tooth loss: A machine learning approach.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic inequalities in tooth loss might be minimized or potentialized by the characteristics of the context where people live. We examined whether there is contextual variation in socioeconomic inequalities in tooth loss across Brazilian municipalities.
methodsData from the 2010 National Oral Health Survey of 9633 adults living in 157 Brazilian municipalities were used. The individual socioeconomic indicators were education and household income. At the municipal level, we used the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI) as our contextual indicator of socioeconomic status (low:< 0.699 versus high: > 0.70). The Relative (RII) and Slope (SII) Indexes of Inequality, Relative (RCI), and Absolute (ACI) Concentration Indexes were calculated to compare the magnitude of education and income-based inequalities among municipalities with low versus high HDI. Multilevel Poisson regression models with random intercepts and slopes were developed.
resultsAt the individual level, adults with lower education & income reported more tooth loss. The mean number of missing teeth was 9.52 (95% CI: 7.93-11.13) and 6.95 (95% CI: 6.43-7.49) in municipalities with low and high HDI, respectively. Municipalities with high HDI showed higher relative and absolute education-based inequality. For income-based inequalities, higher SII and RCI was observed in municipalities with lower HDI. A significant cross-level interaction indicated that high-education adults reported fewer missing teeth when they lived in municipalities with high HDI compared to adults with the same education level living in low HDI municipalities. For individuals with the lowest education level, there was no difference in the number of teeth between those from municipalities with high and low HDI.
conclusionsThere was a social gradient in tooth loss by education and income. Living in disadvantaged municipalities cannot overcome the risk associated with low schooling. The protective effect of higher education can be reduced when people live in disadvantaged areas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.