ArticlePloS one2020
The incidence of chronic pain following Cesarean section and associated risk factors: A cohort of women followed up for three months.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05879536 (The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Tramadol-ondansetron on Recovery After Caesarean Section. A Prospective, Observational and Non-inferiority Study Against Epidural Analgesia.), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Tramadol-ondansetron on Recovery After Caesarean Section. A Prospective, Observational and Non-inferiority Study Against Epidural Analgesia.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effectiveness of liposomal bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided abdominal wall blocks after open abdominal surgery: A systematic review.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of locoregional analgesic techniques after laparotomy for gynecologic cancer: a systematic review.International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · 2024Pooled it
- Comparison of posterior transversus abdominis plane block and erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia after caesarean section performed under spinal anesthesia: a prospective randomized trial.Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES · 2026Trial
- A Comparison of Scar Infiltration, Scar Deactivation, and Standard of Care for Treatment of Chronic, Postsurgical Pain After Cesarean Section in the Primary Setting: A Comparative Effectiveness Trial.Pain research & management · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Association between postpartum depression and chronic postsurgical pain after Cesarean delivery: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose versus High-Dose Postoperative Intrathecal Morphine in 62 Women Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section Delivery at Full Term.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Trial
- Quality of reporting electrophysical resources for post-cesarean pain relief: A scoping review.Brazilian journal of physical therapy · 2026Review
- Dual-opioid spinal anaesthesia in enhanced recovery after caesarean section: effects on postoperative opioid requirement and maternal recovery.Journal of anesthesia, analgesia and critical care · 2026Article
- The influence of antenatal and pregnancy-related factors on recovery after childbirth: a systematic review.AJOG global reports · 2026Review
- Effect of Preoperative Pain Catastrophizing on Postpartum Depression and Chronic Postsurgical Pain After Cesarean Section: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Uterine closure after cesarean delivery: surgical technique, biological rationale, and clinical implications.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Review
- Persistent Postpartum Pain After Elective Cesarean Section Is Not Only Persistent Postsurgical Pain-A Retrospective Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Advancing Maternal and Fetal Medicine in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2025Article
- Ibuprofen Oral Administration Protocols for Analgesia After Cesarean Delivery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2025Article
- Effect of varying doses of dexmedetomidine added to dexamethasone-enhanced TAPB for post-cesarean pain management.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Epidural analgesia combined with transversus abdominis plane block with liposomal bupivacaine reduces pain after caesarean delivery: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the relationship between pain intensity, self-management of pain and pain self-efficacy on post-operative pain on day 5 after cesarean section: A cross-sectional study in Mie prefecture in Japan.European journal of midwifery · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is one of the post-surgical complications of a Cesarean section. Despite the high rates of Cesarean section worldwide, the incidence of CPSP and the risk factors for this condition remain relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to calculate the incidence of CPSP in women submitted to Cesarean section and to analyze the associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND
methodsA prospective cohort of 621 women undergoing Cesarean section was recruited preoperatively. Potential presurgical (sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle-related characteristics) and post-surgical risk factors (the presence and intensity of pain) risk factors were analyzed. Pain was measured at 24 hours and 7, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery. Following discharge from hospital, data were collected by telephone. The outcome measure was self-reported pain three months after a Cesarean section. The risk factors for chronic pain were analyzed using the log-binomial regression model (a generalized linear model).
resultsA total of 462 women were successfully contacted 90 days following surgery. The incidence of CPSP was 25.5% (95%CI: 21.8-29.7). Risk factors included presurgical anxiety (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01-1.05), smoking (adjusted RR 2.22; 95%CI: 1.27-3.88) and severe pain in the early postoperative period (adjusted RR 2.79; 95%CI: 1.29-6.00).
conclusionOne in four women submitted to Cesarean section may develop CPSP; however, the risk factors identified here are modifiable and preventable. Preventive strategies directed towards controlling anxiety, reducing smoking during pregnancy and managing pain soon after hospital discharge are recommended.
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