ArticleClinical oral investigations2021
Macrophage polarization in peri-implantitis lesions.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Smoking on Macrophage-Related Chemokines During Initial Peri-Implantitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.Clinical implant dentistry and related research · 2025Trial
- Immunohistochemical analysis of soft tissue response to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium healing abutments on dental implants: a randomized pilot clinical study.BMC oral health · 2022Trial
- Dual-Targeted Biomimetic MoSeAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Chiral FeBioactive materials · 2026Article
- Macrophage-induced immunomodulation in oral tissue repair and regeneration: Recent advances and future perspectives.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Dental implant nanotopography for peri-implant tissue stability: soft-tissue sealing, innate immune calibration, and active biointerface regulation.International journal of implant dentistry · 2026Review
- Comparative Evaluation of Tissue and Systemic Responses to Electrospun Biodegradable Polymer and Polypropylene Implants Using hs-CRP and Immunohistochemical Markers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Advanced Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Regeneration: From Fundamental Mechanism to Translational Applications-A Scoping Review.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Exploring macrophage polarization: biological insights, key laboratory techniques and research perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- In vivo biocompatibility of elderberry-enriched carboxymethyl chitosan in soft tissue and calvaria bone defects.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Effects of Smoking on Macrophage Polarization in Peri-Implantitis Lesions.Clinical oral implants research · 2025Article
- Titanium implant can promote M2 polarization with macrophages activation which contribute to osteogenesis and angiogenesis via inactivates JAKS signaling pathway.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Mediation of Osseointegration, Osteoimmunology, and Osteoimmunologic Integration by Tregs and Macrophages: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Macrophage Depletion Reduces Bone Loss and Alters Inflammatory Responses: A Mouse Peri-Implantitis Model.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Article
- Effect of the TIM-3/Gal-9 signaling pathway on macrophage polarization in peri-implantitis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Cell-Type-Specific ROS-AKT/mTOR-Autophagy Interplay-Should It Be Addressed in Periimplantitis?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Echo-intensity characterization at implant sites and novel diagnostic ultrasonographic markers for peri-implantitis.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2024Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of Immune Infiltration and Key Genes in Peri-Implantitis Using Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Approaches.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Article
- The Oral Microbiome of Peri-Implant Health and Disease: A Narrative Review.Dentistry journal · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo immunohistochemically characterize and correlate macrophage M1/M2 polarization status with disease severity at peri-implantitis sites. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of twenty patients (n = 20 implants) diagnosed with peri-implantitis (i.e., bleeding on probing with or without suppuration, probing depths ≥ 6 mm, and radiographic marginal bone loss ≥ 3 mm) were included. The severity of peri-implantitis was classified according to established criteria (i.e., slight, moderate, and advanced). Granulation tissue biopsies were obtained during surgical therapy and prepared for immunohistological assessment and macrophage polarization characterization. Macrophages, M1, and M2 phenotypes were identified through immunohistochemical markers (i.e., CD68, CD80, and CD206) and quantified through histomorphometrical analyses.
resultsMacrophages exhibiting a positive CD68 expression occupied a mean proportion of 14.36% (95% CI 11.4-17.2) of the inflammatory connective tissue (ICT) area. Positive M1 (CD80) and M2 (CD206) macrophages occupied a mean value of 7.07% (95% CI 5.9-9.4) and 5.22% (95% CI 3.8-6.6) of the ICT, respectively. The mean M1/M2 ratio was 1.56 (95% CI 1-12-1.9). Advanced peri-implantitis cases expressed a significantly higher M1 (%) when compared with M2 (%) expression. There was a significant correlation between CD68 (%) and M1 (%) expression and probing depth (PD) values.
conclusionThe present immunohistochemical analysis suggests that macrophages constitute a considerable proportion of the inflammatory cellular composition at peri-implantitis sites, revealing a significant higher expression for M1 inflammatory phenotype at advanced peri-implantitis sites, which could possibly play a critical role in disease progression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Macrophages have critical functions to establish homeostasis and disease. Bacteria might induce oral dysbiosis unbalancing the host's immunological response and triggering inflammation around dental implants. M1/M2 status could possibly reveal peri-implantitis' underlying pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.