ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2020
Human Milk Sampling Protocols Affect Estimation of Infant Lipid Intake.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Relationships between the Intakes of Human Milk Components and Body Composition of Breastfed Infants: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Human Milk Sampling Protocols: Is the Mean Macronutrient Composition of Pre- and Post-Feed Samples the Average of One Entire Feed?Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2026Observational
- Estimating Caloric Intake per Breastfeeding Session in Infants: A Probabilistic Approach.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Narrative review of methodological advances in human milk fortification: for better preterm infant growth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Associations between breast milk intake volume, macronutrient intake and infant growth in a longitudinal birth cohort: the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF).The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Quantification and reporting of vitamin D concentrations measured in human milk by LC-MS/MS.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
- Defining the lipid profiles of human milk, infant formula, and animal milk: implications for infant feeding.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- The Role of Human Milk Lipids and Lipid Metabolites in Protecting the Infant against Non-Communicable Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Human milk microbial species are associated with mild growth deficits during early infancy among Guatemalan mother-infant dyads.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2022Article
- Role of lipidomics in assessing the functional lipid composition in breast milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- The Fatty Acid Species and Quantity Consumed by the Breastfed Infant Are Important for Growth and Development.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Review
- Healthy Breastfeeding Infants Consume Different Quantities of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Lipids.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Article
- Exploring Innovations in Human Milk Analysis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Survey of the United States.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman milk (HM) lipid content is highly variable, and infants consume different volumes of milk. This makes precise sampling and calculation of the infant lipid intake problematic.
objectivesIn order to describe inaccuracies of estimates of lipid content introduced by various sampling protocols, we compared the true infant lipid intake with estimated intakes using different milk sampling protocols.
methodsMonthly milk samples (n = 1026) from months 1 to 6 of lactation were collected from 20 healthy, exclusively breastfeeding women. Infant lipid intake was measured by 24-hour test-weighing at month 3. Total lipid content was measured by creamatocrit. Concentrations and infant lipid intakes were calculated using 11 sampling protocols, using either the true milk intake or an average of 800 mL/d. These estimates were compared with the true infant lipid intake using repeated-measures ANOVA and linear mixed modeling with multiple comparisons.
resultsThe mean maternal age was 32.0 years (SD ± 3.10), and infants were born term (40.1 ± 1.1 weeks) with a mean birth weight of 3.87 kg (SD ± 0.39). The mean true infant lipid intake was 28.6 g/d (SD ± 9.8). The mean estimated lipid intake using 1 morning pre-feed sample underestimated intake by >8.0 g/d. Estimates of infant lipid intake using other sampling protocols and an assumed intake volume of 800 mL/d also resulted in a wide range of differences (0.8-18.1 g/d) from the true intake. Use of 6 daily pre- and post-feed milk samples had a mean difference of only 0.1 g/d (95% CI, -2.9 to 2.7) from the true intake.
conclusionsA sampling protocol with 6 pre- and post-feed samples provides the most accurate estimate of lipid intake if it is not possible to perform 24-hour test weights. The potential inaccuracies of sampling protocols should be taken into consideration in the interpretation and translation of infant lipid intake results.
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