SynthesisJournal of general internal medicine2020
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of general internal medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05102708 (Study of COVID-19 Prognostic Factors in Hospitalized Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 60 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Study of COVID-19 Prognostic Factors in Hospitalized Patients
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine and the risk of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Renal failure · 2022Pooled it
- Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical and translational science · 2021Pooled it
- The therapeutic effect and safety of the drugs for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review ofTheranostics · 2021Pooled it
- Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version).Military Medical Research · 2020Guideline
- Indian contribution toward biomedical research and development in COVID-19: A systematic review.Indian journal of pharmacologyPooled it
- Trial
- Chloroquine nasal drops in asymptomatic & mild COVID-19: An exploratory randomized clinical trial.The Indian journal of medical researchTrial
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The role of SARS-COV-2 infection in promoting abnormal immune response and sepsis: A comparison between SARS-COV-2-related sepsis and sepsis from other causes.Infectious medicine · 2023Article
- Real-Life Data on Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or Without Azithromycin in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Analysis in Brazil.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2023Article
- Article
- Observational
- Treatment of condylomata acuminata caused by low-risk human papillomavirus with chloroquine phosphate gel.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanoparticles in the management of COVID-19: a comprehensive overview.Virology journal · 2022Review
- Organoid technology and lung injury mouse models evaluating effects of hydroxychloroquine on lung epithelial regeneration.Experimental animals · 2022Article
- A comprehensive review of adverse events to drugs used in COVID-19 patients: Recent clinical evidence.European journal of clinical investigation · 2022Review
- Psoriasis adverse events and associated medications as reported in the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System from 2016 to 2021.JAAD international · 2022Article
- Assessment of Recovery Time, Worsening, and Death among Inpatients and Outpatients with COVID-19, Treated with Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine plus Azithromycin Combination in Burkina Faso.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is no effective therapy for COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) have been used for its treatment but their safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
objectiveWe performed a systematic review to synthesize the available data on the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19.
methodsTwo reviewers searched for published and pre-published relevant articles between December 2019 and 8 June 2020. The data from the selected studies were abstracted and analyzed for efficacy and safety outcomes. Critical appraisal of the evidence was done by Cochrane risk of bias tool and Newcastle Ottawa Scale. The quality of evidence was graded as per the GRADE approach.
resultsWe reviewed 12 observational and 3 randomized trials which included 10,659 patients of whom 5713 received CQ/HCQ and 4966 received only standard of care. The efficacy of CQ/HCQ for COVID-19 was inconsistent across the studies. Meta-analysis of included studies revealed no significant reduction in mortality with HCQ use [RR 0.98 95% CI 0.66-1.46], time to fever resolution (mean difference - 0.54 days (- 1.19-011)) or clinical deterioration/development of ARDS with HCQ [RR 0.90 95% CI 0.47-1.71]. There was a higher risk of ECG abnormalities/arrhythmia with HCQ/CQ [RR 1.46 95% CI 1.04 to 2.06]. The quality of evidence was graded as very low for these outcomes. AUTHORS'
conclusionThe available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Well-designed randomized trials are required for assessing the efficacy and safety of HCQ and CQ for COVID-19.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.