ArticleBMC oral health2020
Oxidative stress levels and oral bacterial milieu in the saliva from pregnant vs. non-pregnant women.
Article in BMC oral health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral microflora and pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Mechanisms of the Oral-Gut Microbiota Axis in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Examination of the effect of treatment of severe early childhood caries and fluoride varnish applications on salivary oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidants.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Clinical, oral immunological and microbiological shifts during and after pregnancy.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Observational
- Evaluation of the periodontal disease on oral microorganisms during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical and translational research · 2023Review
- Oral Microbiome Profiles and Inflammation in Pregnant Women Who Used Orthodontic Appliances.Dentistry journal · 2022Article
- Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress andInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Six-month follow-up of salivary antioxidant defense outcomes of individuals using medicated toothpaste.Journal of conservative dentistry : JCDArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSaliva plays a significant role in maintaining oral health and oral bacterial milieu. Difference in oxidative stress (OS) levels in saliva in conjunction with bacterial load between pregnant and non-pregnant women has not been studied previously. We hypothesized that the physiological changes in pregnancy alter oral bacterial milieu by promoting growth of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB), and increase OS in saliva. The aim of this study was to measure and compare the oral bacterial milieu, OS and total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC) in the saliva of pregnant and non-pregnant women.
methodIn this cross-sectional study, we assessed oral bacterial milieu by culturing the SM and LB by using commercial kits, TAC by measuring 2, 2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity spectrophotometrically and OS levels by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels with commercial kits in the saliva of pregnant women (n = 38) at 18-20 weeks of gestation, who were compared with age-matching healthy non-pregnant women (n = 50).
resultsStreptococcus mutans were found to be more abundant in the saliva of pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women (p = 0.003) but the difference was not significant for the LB (p = 0.267). TAC was found to be 46% lower in pregnant women's saliva compared to non-pregnant women [optical density (OD) measured at 731 nm as 0.118 ± 0.01 vs. 0.063 ± 0.02; p < 0.001]. OS, expressed as saliva MDA levels, was found to be 16% higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women (1.07 nM MDA vs. 0.92 nM MDA; p = 0.023).
conclusionPregnancy has an adverse impact on oral bacterial milieu as demonstrated by increased colonization with Streptococcus mutans together with higher OS levels and decreased TAC levels in saliva. This emphasizes the importance of improved oral hygiene and provision of oral healthcare services during pregnancy care.
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