ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2021
Racial, Economic, and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 367 papers.
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Who cites it
367 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Parent, Child, and Family Functioning.Family process · 2022Trial
- Employment type and non-compliance with SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing: insights from a nationwide seroprevalence study in South Korea.BMJ open · 2026Article
- The Association Between Structural Disadvantage and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Analyzing Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Using the Structural Racism Effect Index.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Utilizing theInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Diagnostic Testing Time Completion for African American End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients Being Evaluated for Kidney Transplantation.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Ethno-Racial Disparities in COVID-Related Stress and Mental Health Problems: Bridging Fundamental Cause Theory and the Stress Process Model.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Deliberations on Government Spending Priorities: Listen to the People.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Subjective Health and Personal Values in Immigrants and Nonimmigrants Across Europe: Evidence From the COVID-19 Era.Europe's journal of psychology · 2026Article
- Comparison of Mental Illness Comorbidity Pre-Pandemic vs. Pandemic-Era and Associations with Clinical and Demographic Characteristics for Virginia Public Hospital Inpatient Discharges with a Substance Use Disorder.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- History of self-reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the Brazilian population: a countrywide survey.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Low Risk, High Stakes: Factors Associated with Low COVID-19 Risk Perception Among Black Chicago Residents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- A Global Analysis of Within-Country Health Inequalities.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Disparities in COVID-19 mortality in the United States, 2020-2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Mixed methods implementation research of oral antiviral treatment for COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries: a study protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding Vaccine Disparities in the Bronx, New York, Through a Mixed Methods Analysis of Community and Provider Perspectives.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- A Study on Economic Stressors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survivors in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Pre-COVID-19 Geographic Inequalities in Non-Hispanic Black US Life Expectancy, 1990 to 2019.Population and development review · 2025Article
- Journaling During a Disaster: Challenges and Opportunities for Data Collection.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness · 2025Article
307 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThere is preliminary evidence of racial and social economic disparities in the population infected by and dying from COVID-19. The goal of this study is to report the associations of COVID-19 with respect to race, health, and economic inequality in the United States.
methodsWe performed an ecological study of the associations between infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 and demographic, socioeconomic, and mobility variables from 369 counties (total population, 102,178,117 [median, 73,447; IQR, 30,761-256,098]) from the seven most affected states (Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Louisiana, Massachusetts).
resultsThe risk factors for infection and mortality are different. Our analysis shows that counties with more diverse demographics, higher population, education, income levels, and lower disability rates were at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, counties with higher proportion with disability and poverty rates had a higher death rate. African Americans were more vulnerable to COVID-19 than other ethnic groups (1981 African American infected cases versus 658 Whites per million). Data on mobility changes corroborate the impact of social distancing.
conclusionOur study provides evidence of racial, economic, and health inequality in the population infected by and dying from COVID-19. These observations might be due to the workforce of essential services, poverty, and access to care. Counties in more urban areas are probably better equipped at providing care. The lower rate of infection, but a higher death rate in counties with higher poverty and disability could be due to lower levels of mobility, but a higher rate of comorbidities and health care access.
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