ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2020
Association between cesarean delivery types and obesity in preadolescence.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors in the First 1000 Days of Life Associated With Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Risk Factor Quality Assessment.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of Elective Cesarean Section on Children's Obesity From Birth to Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of Perinatal and Maternal Factors on Blood Pressure and Adiposity at Age 3.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Observational
- Intrapartum caesarean delivery and childhood BMI trajectories in relation to the infant gut microbiome in the VDAART prospective birth cohort.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- The Accumulative Effect of Multiple Postnatal Risk Factors with the Risk of Being Overweight/Obese in Late Childhood.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Delivery by cesarean section leads to heavier adult bodyweight in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
- Impact of Spirometry Race-Correction on Preadolescent Black and White Children.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Article
- Lasting consequences on physiology and social behavior following cesarean delivery in prairie voles.Hormones and behavior · 2023Article
- Progression of C-reactive protein from birth through preadolescence varies by mode of delivery.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- From gut to placenta: understanding how the maternal microbiome models life-long conditions.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Relationship between caesarean section delivery and risk of overweight/obesity among children aged 6-23 months in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana.Journal of nutritional science · 2022Article
- The role of the gut microbiome in the intergenerational transmission of the obesity phenotype: A narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Are there adverse outcomes for child health and development following caesarean section delivery? Can we justify using elective caesarean section to prevent obstetric pelvic floor damage?International urogynecology journal · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesThe association between mode of delivery and childhood obesity remains inconclusive. Because few studies have separated C-section types (planned or unplanned C-section), our objective was to assess how these subtypes relate to preadolescent obesity. SUBJECTS/
methodsThe study consisted of 570 maternal-child pairs drawn from the WHEALS birth cohort based in Detroit, Michigan. Children were followed-up at 10 years of age where a variety of anthropometric measurements were collected. Obesity was defined based on BMI percentile (≥95th percentile), as well as through Gaussian finite mixture modeling on the anthropometric measurements. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for obesity comparing planned and unplanned C-sections to vaginal deliveries were computed, which utilized inverse probability weights to account for loss to follow-up and multiple imputation for covariate missingness. Mediation models were fit to examine the mediation role of breastfeeding.
resultsAfter adjusting for marital status, maternal race, prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, maternal age, maternal BMI, any hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, prenatal antibiotic use, child sex, parity, and birthweight z-score, children born via planned C-section had 1.77 times higher risk of obesity (≥95th percentile), relative to those delivered vaginally ((95% CI) = (1.16, 2.72); p = 0.009). No association was found comparing unplanned C-section to vaginal delivery (RR (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.45, 1.23); p = 0.25). The results were similar but slightly stronger when obesity was defined by anthropometric class (RR (95% CI) = 2.78 (1.47, 5.26); p = 0.002). Breastfeeding did not mediate the association between mode of delivery and obesity.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that children delivered via planned C-section-but not unplanned C-section-have a higher risk of preadolescent obesity, suggesting that partial labor or membrane rupture (typically experienced during unplanned C-section delivery) may offer protection. Additional research is needed to understand the biological mechanisms behind this effect, including whether microbiological differences fully or partially account for the association.
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