Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32868764›Full record

ArticleNature communications2020

The effect of military training on the sense of agency and outcome processing.

Emilie A Caspar, Salvatore Lo Bue, Pedro A Magalhães De Saldanha da Gama, Patrick Haggard, Axel Cleeremans

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The effect of experimenter identification on (dis)obedience and its mechanisms.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026
    Article
  2. Artificial vibrotactile feedback elicits neural correlates of sense of agency.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Social Agency as a continuum.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2021
    Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Emilie A CasparConsciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. ecaspar@ulb.ac.be.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-2032
Salvatore Lo BueDepartment of Behavioral Sciences, Royal Military Academy (RMA), Brussels, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-3404
Pedro A Magalhães De Saldanha da GamaConsciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
Patrick Haggard *Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7798-793X
Axel Cleeremans *Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-5235

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Armed forces often rely on strict hierarchical organization, where people are required to follow orders. In two cross-sectional studies, we investigate whether or not working in a military context influences the sense of agency and outcome processing, and how different durations (junior cadets vs senior cadets) and types (cadets vs privates) of military experience may modulate these effects. Participants could administer painful electrical shocks to a 'victim' in exchange for money, either by their own free choice, or following orders of the experimenter. Results indicate that working in a strictly hierarchical structure may have a generalized negative impact on one's own sense of agency and outcome processing by reducing it, even when participants could freely decide their action. However, trained officers showed an enhanced sense of agency and outcome processing. This study offers insights on the potential for training the sense of agency and outcome processing.

Indexed as

Cross-Sectional StudiesHumansMaleMilitary PersonnelPsychology, MilitaryPsychomotor PerformanceYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID32868764
PMCPMC7459288

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.