ArticleDiabetes care2020
Replacement of Red and Processed Meat With Other Food Sources of Protein and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations: The EPIC-InterAct Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nutritional Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the European Union: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Cheese consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2022Trial
- The moderating role of central adiposity, sex and age, on the association between animal- and plant-based protein intake and the 20-year cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022).European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Substitution of White Meat for Red Meat and Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study Stratified by Red Meat Intake.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Dietary protein intake in relation to metabolic syndrome reversion: findings from the Tehran lipid and glucose study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Isocaloric substitution with beef and mutton and metabolically unhealthy obesity among adults in Ordos, Inner Mongolia: a cross-sectional analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Nut Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality: The Adventist Health Study 2.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between dietary patterns and obesity-related metabolic phenotypes in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A comprehensive review on the implications of Yogic/Sattvic diet in reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetes.Nutrition & diabetes · 2025Review
- Nutrient quality in dietary therapy for diabetes and diabetic kidney disease.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Review
- Recent drug development of dorzagliatin, a new glucokinase activator, with the potential to treat Type 2 diabetes: A review study.Journal of diabetes · 2024Review
- Substitution of Dairy Products and Risk of Death and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Review
- Modelling the replacement of red and processed meat with plant-based alternatives and the estimated effect on insulin sensitivity in a cohort of Australian adults.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Consumption of red and processed meat during early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective birth cohort study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Substituting animal-based with plant-based foods-current evidence and challenges ahead.BMC global and public health · 2024Article
- The combination of body mass index and fasting plasma glucose is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan: a secondary retrospective analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Legumes: A Vehicle for Transition to Sustainability.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Red meat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of United States females and males.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
43 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThere is sparse evidence for the association of suitable food substitutions for red and processed meat on the risk of type 2 diabetes. We modeled the association between replacing red and processed meat with other protein sources and the risk of type 2 diabetes and estimated its population impact. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThe European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-InterAct case cohort included 11,741 individuals with type 2 diabetes and a subcohort of 15,450 participants in eight countries. We modeled the replacement of self-reported red and processed meat with poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, cheese, cereals, yogurt, milk, and nuts. Country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for incident type 2 diabetes were estimated by Prentice-weighted Cox regression and pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.
resultsThere was a lower hazard for type 2 diabetes for the modeled replacement of red and processed meat (50 g/day) with cheese (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.97) (30 g/day), yogurt (0.90, 0.86-0.95) (70 g/day), nuts (0.90, 0.84-0.96) (10 g/day), or cereals (0.92, 0.88-0.96) (30 g/day) but not for replacements with poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, or milk. If a causal association is assumed, replacing red and processed meat with cheese, yogurt, or nuts could prevent 8.8%, 8.3%, or 7.5%, respectively, of new cases of type 2 diabetes.
conclusionsReplacement of red and processed meat with cheese, yogurt, nuts, or cereals was associated with a lower rate of type 2 diabetes. Substituting red and processed meat by other protein sources may contribute to the prevention of incident type 2 diabetes in European populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.