ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Pharmacological Aspects of Over-the-Counter Opioid Drugs Misuse.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- The onset of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) with the use of decongestant agents: a European pharmacovigilance analysis.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- Analgesic Utilization Pattern and Cost of Managing Children with Sickle Cell Diseases: a Retrospective Single-site Audit.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Over-The-Counter Drug Misusers in Psychiatric Practice in Japan: Comparison Between Codeine Misusers and Dextromethorphan Misusers.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Article
- Managing Drug-Drug Interactions Involving the Non-Prescription Opioid Loperamide Through Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- The effect of over-the-counter analgesics on changes to the sensory sensitivity of patients treated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Non-antifungal medications administered during fungal infections drive drug tolerance and resistance inJournal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicological Mechanisms.Toxics · 2025Article
- Comparison of different pain management strategies during the perioperative period of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2025Article
- Illicit Trade of Prescription Medications Through X (Formerly Twitter) in Japan: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Pectolinarigenin ameliorated airway inflammation and airway remodeling to exhibit antitussive effect.The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology · 2024Article
- Opioids-Induced Long QT Syndrome: A Challenge to Cardiac Health.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2024Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Profiles of LENART01, a Dermorphin-Ranatensin Hybrid Peptide.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Internet-Based Inquiries From Users With the Intention to Overdose With Over-the-Counter Drugs: Qualitative Analysis of Yahoo! Chiebukuro.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Peripheralization Strategies Applied to Morphinans and Implications for Improved Treatment of Pain.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Solving an Old Puzzle: Elucidation and Evaluation of the Binding Mode of Salvinorin A at the Kappa Opioid Receptor.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Bifunctional Peptidomimetic G Protein-Biased Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonist and Neuropeptide FF Receptor Antagonist KGFF09 Shows Efficacy in Visceral Pain without Rewarding Effects after Subcutaneous Administration in Mice.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Characterization of a Novel Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonist.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Mechanistic Characterization of the Pharmacological Profile of HS-731, a Peripherally Acting Opioid Analgesic, at the µ-, δ-, κ-Opioid and Nociceptin Receptors.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Recent Chemical and Pharmacological Developments on 14-Oxygenated-Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Several over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are known to be misused. Among them are opioids such as codeine, dihydrocodeine, and loperamide. This work elucidates their pharmacology, interactions, safety profiles, and how pharmacology is being manipulated to misuse these common medications, with the aim to expand on the subject outlined by the authors focusing on abuse prevention and prevalence rates. The reviewed literature was identified in several online databases through searches conducted with phrases created by combining the international non-proprietary names of the drugs with terms related to drug misuse. The results show that OTC opioids are misused as an alternative for illicit narcotics, or prescription-only opioids. The potency of codeine and loperamide is strongly dependent on the individual enzymatic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, as well as P-glycoprotein function. Codeine can also be utilized as a substrate for clandestine syntheses of more potent drugs of abuse, namely desomorphine ("Krokodil"), and morphine. The dangerous methods used to prepare these substances can result in poisoning from toxic chemicals and impurities originating from the synthesis procedure. OTC opioids are generally safe when consumed in accordance with medical guidelines. However, the intake of supratherapeutic amounts of these substances may reveal surprising traits of common medications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.