ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2020
Household spraying in cholera outbreaks: Insights from three exploratory, mixed-methods field effectiveness evaluations.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cholera Outbreaks in India, 2011-2020: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Optimizing the implementation of case-area targeted interventions during cholera outbreaks with context-specific delivery mechanisms.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Review
- Article
- Case-area targeted interventions and free chlorine residual in household drinking water: An observational cohort study during a cholera outbreak in Northeast Nigeria.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Observational
- Case-area targeted interventions during a large-scale cholera epidemic: A prospective cohort study in Northeast Nigeria.PLoS medicine · 2024Observational
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of the General Population toward the Old-New Outbreak of Cholera in a Developing Country.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Implementation considerations in case-area targeted interventions to prevent cholera transmission in Northeast Nigeria: A qualitative analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Household Disinfection Interventions to Prevent Cholera Transmission: Facilitators, Barriers, Training, and Evidence Needs.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Lessons learned from conducting six multi-country mixed-methods effectiveness research studies on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in humanitarian response.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Knowledge, attitude, and practice study regarding cholera among the people in Jazan city, KSA.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Household spraying is a commonly implemented, yet an under-researched, cholera response intervention where a response team sprays surfaces in cholera patients' houses with chlorine. We conducted mixed-methods evaluations of three household spraying programs in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Haiti, including 18 key informant interviews, 14 household surveys and observations, and 418 surface samples collected before spraying, 30 minutes and 24 hours after spraying. The surfaces consistently most contaminated with Vibrio cholerae were food preparation areas, near the patient's bed and the latrine. Effectiveness varied between programs, with statistically significant reductions in V. cholerae concentrations 30 minutes after spraying in two programs. Surface contamination after 24 hours was variable between households and programs. Program challenges included difficulty locating households, transportation and funding limitations, and reaching households quickly after case presentation (disinfection occurred 2-6 days after reported cholera onset). Program advantages included the concurrent deployment of hygiene promotion activities. Further research is indicated on perception, recontamination, cost-effectiveness, viable but nonculturable V. cholerae, and epidemiological coverage. We recommend that, if spraying is implemented, spraying agents should: disinfect surfaces systematically until wet using 0.2/2.0% chlorine solution, including kitchen spaces, patients' beds, and latrines; arrive at households quickly; and, concurrently deploy hygiene promotion activities.
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