ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2020
Muscle temperature kinetics and thermoregulatory responses to 42 °C hot-water immersion in healthy males and females.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analysis of heat-induced changes in cardiac function from over 400 laboratory-based heat exposure studies.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season inflammatory responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Expert consensus on passive heating interventions to promote skeletal muscle strength and mass: a delphi study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Three hours of targeted limb passive heating increases conduit artery shear rates and lowers vascular stiffness.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Effect of repeated hot water immersion on muscle strength, power, function and physical activity in healthy older adults: A randomised crossover trial.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Effects of Hot Water Immersion at Different Temperatures during a Transition Period on Vertical Jump Performance.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Heat to hypoxia cross-adaptation: Effects of 6-week post-exercise hot-water immersion on exercise performance in acute hypoxia.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Muscle regeneration is improved by hot water immersion but unchanged by cold following a simulated musculoskeletal injury in humans.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Turning up the heat on skeletal muscle adaptations and neuromuscular function: key considerations for passive heating prescription and best practices.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Review
- Comparison of thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and immune responses to different passive heat therapy modalities.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2025Article
- Muscle temperature increases during a single far infrared sauna session without changes in intestinal temperature.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
- Effects of thermal interventions on skeletal muscle adaptations and regeneration: perspectives on epigenetics: a narrative review.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Review
- Heated environment increases blood pressure drop and postural sway during initial orthostasis in healthy subjects.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Hot water immersion is associated with higher thermal comfort than dry passive heating for a similar rise in rectal temperature and plasma interleukin-6 concentration.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- The effect of age and mitigation strategies during hot water immersion on orthostatic intolerance and thermal stress.Experimental physiology · 2023Article
- No effect of repeated post-resistance exercise cold or hot water immersion on in-season body composition and performance responses in academy rugby players: a randomised controlled cross-over design.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Article
- Arm or Leg? The best site for injections in pediatric patients.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Potential role of passively increased muscle temperature on contractile function.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Review
- Local cooling during hot water immersion improves perceptions without inhibiting the acute interleukin-6 response.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage.Current research in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo determine the vastus lateralis muscle temperature kinetics during and after passive heating, to exam the effect of sex on thermoregulatory responses, and the thermal safety and tolerance of the 42 °C hot-water immersion protocol.
methodsThirty participants (15 males, 15 females) underwent a 2 h 42 ºC hot-water immersion to the waist level. Vastus lateralis, rectal and skin temperature, thermal sensation, heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were measured during the passive heating and recovery period. Participant recovery was monitored until muscle temperature returned to baseline.
resultsVastus lateralis temperature increased to a maximal value of 39.0 ± 0.11 °C (P < 0.001), reaching a plateau after ~ 83.5 min of hot-water immersion and returning to baseline after ~ 115.8 min of recovery. Despite the anthropometric differences between males and females (e.g., height, body mass, body fat %, and fat thickness; P < 0.05), thermoregulatory responses showed no differences between sexes (P > 0.05). No change was found in systolic BP (~ 117 mmHg; P = 0.061). Peak rectal temperature (38.8 ± 0.14 °C; P < 0.001), heart rate (~ 100 bpm; P < 0.001), and diastolic BP (↓ ~ 13 mmHg; P < 0.001) during the hot-water immersion indicated the safety of the protocol. While skin temperature (~ 35.4 °C; P < 0.001) and thermal sensation (~ 5.95 AU; P < 0.001) confirmed protocol tolerance.
conclusionThese data demonstrate lower-body 42 °C hot-water immersion to increase vastus lateralis temperature and plateau ~ 2.8 °C above baseline. This amplitude of muscle temperature change aligns with reported cellular adaptation and muscle growth. Thermal strain incurred from this protocol appears safe and tolerable, positioning it well for health-related prescription.
Indexed as
Identifiers
32865616What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.