ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2020
Zwitterionic 3D-Printed Non-Immunogenic Stealth Microrobots.
Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Balancing stability and cellular interaction in surface-engineered small extracellular vesicles for pulmonary delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Task-Oriented Biomedical Microrobots: Access, Working Environment, Actuation, Body Design, Detection and Control.Micromachines · 2026Review
- "Biodegradable caterpillar inspired soft robotic systems for targeted therapeutic delivery with intelligentRSC advances · 2026Review
- Revisiting Colloid Theory for Biomedicine: Reconciling Simple Models in Complex Environments.ACS nano medicine · 2026Article
- Unlocking miniature brilliance: micro/nanorobots for advanced dental theranostics.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Applications of Multifunctional Hydrogel in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.MedComm · 2026Review
- Zwitterionic Photocurable Resin for High-Resolution 3D Printing of Ultralow-Fouling Microstructures.Small methods · 2025Article
- Transport of Adoptive Cell Transfers With Magnetic Helical Microrobots.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Zwitterionic Poly(Carboxybetaine Methacrylate)s in Drug Delivery, Antifouling Coatings, and Regenerative Tissue Platforms.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vat Photopolymerization of Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications.ACS applied polymer materials · 2025Review
- Magnetically Controllable and Degradable Milliscale Swimmers as Intraocular Drug Implants.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Fabrication of Soft Robotics by Additive Manufacturing: From Materials to Applications.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Femtosecond laser-assisted printing of hard magnetic microrobots for swimming upstream in subcentimeter-per-second blood flow.Science advances · 2025Article
- Localized Microrobotic Delivery of Enzyme-Responsive Hydrogel-Immobilized Therapeutics to Suppress Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Femtosecond-Laser Preparation of Hydrogel with Micro/Nano-Structures and their Biomedical Applications.Small science · 2025Review
- Hybrid Zwitterionic Hydrogels with Encoded Differential Swelling and Programmed Deformation for Small-Scale Robotics.Small methods · 2025Article
- Advancements in Micro/Nanorobots in Medicine: Design, Actuation, and Transformative Application.ACS omega · 2025Review
- Fabrication of 3D Functional Nanocomposites Through Post-Doping of Two-Photon Microprinted Nanoporous Architectures.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Foreign Body Immune Response to Zwitterionic and Hyaluronic Acid Granular Hydrogels Made with Mechanical Fragmentation.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- 4D Printing of Magnetically Responsive Materials and Their Applications.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Microrobots offer transformative solutions for non-invasive medical interventions due to their small size and untethered operation inside the human body. However, they must face the immune system as a natural protection mechanism against foreign threats. Here, non-immunogenic stealth zwitterionic microrobots that avoid recognition from immune cells are introduced. Fully zwitterionic photoresists are developed for two-photon polymerization 3D microprinting of hydrogel microrobots with ample functionalization: tunable mechanical properties, anti-biofouling and non-immunogenic properties, functionalization for magnetic actuation, encapsulation of biomolecules, and surface functionalization for drug delivery. Stealth microrobots avoid detection by macrophage cells of the innate immune system after exhaustive inspection (>90 hours), which has not been achieved in any microrobotic platform to date. These versatile zwitterionic materials eliminate a major roadblock in the development of biocompatible microrobots, and will serve as a toolbox of non-immunogenic materials for medical microrobot and other device technologies for bioengineering and biomedical applications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.