ReviewBiomarker research2020
Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, predictive factors, and future perspectives.
Review in Biomarker research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 173 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
173 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors Increase Pathological Complete Response in Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiotoxicity of lung cancer-related immunotherapy versus chemotherapy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Toxicity With PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Preoperative chemoradiotherapy plus pembrolizumab for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ACTS-29).Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society · 2026Trial
- Durvalumab With or Without Tremelimumab in Combination With Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The Phase III POSEIDON Study.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2023Trial
- Analysis of patients without and with an initial triple-negative breast cancer diagnosis in the phase 3 randomized ASCENT study of sacituzumab govitecan in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Trial
- Food-Derived Limosilactobacillus fermentum GR-3 Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- CXCL12 upregulates PD-L1 expression and promotes M2 polarisation of tumour-associated macrophages to confer anti-PD-1 resistance in gastric cancer.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2026Article
- T-Cell Engagers in Lung Cancer: A Comprehensive Literature Review from Tarlatamab Approval to Next-Generation Strategies.Cancers · 2026Review
- circZNF148 Drives Glucose Metabolism Reprogramming to Enhance Metastasis and Immune Evasion via HK1 Stabilization in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial metabolism and PD-1 blockade: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities in cancer immunotherapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- TGF-β1 drives neutrophil extracellular traps formation to promote CD8Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- The evolving landscape of the Warburg effect in gastric cancer: From molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- ncRNA-driven regulation of PD-L1 in breast cancer: mechanisms of immune escape and therapeutic opportunities.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- TFAP2A links drug resistance to antitumor immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy retreatment with serplulimab vs. chemotherapy in extensive-stage advanced small cell lung cancer.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- CAR-T cells directed toward PD-L1 demonstrate potent, antigen-specific activity against cholangiocarcinoma: A proof of concept study.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Enhanced Anti-Lung Cancer Efficacy of Neo-BCV Combined with Cisplatin: Immune Activation and Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Differential T cell reactivation by two PD-L1 nanobodies through blockade alone or blockade with internalization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Anti-TIM-3 antibody TQB2618 in combination with penpulimab in relapsed or refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma previously treated with PD-1/PD-L1 therapy: a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase Ib clinical trial.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
113 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy is a promising cancer treatment strategy, which has revolutionized the treatment landscape of malignancies. Over the last decade, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy has been trialed in a broad range of malignancies and achieved clinical success. Despite the potentially cure-like survival benefit, only a minority of patients are estimated to experience a positive response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, and the primary or acquired resistance might eventually lead to cancer progression in patients with clinical responses. Accordingly, the resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade remains a significant challenge hindering its further application. To overcome the limitation in therapy resistance, substantial effort has been made to improve or develop novel anti-PD-1/PD-L1 based immunotherapy strategies with better clinical response and reduced immune-mediated toxicity. In this review, we provide an overview on the resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and briefly introduce the mechanisms underlying therapy resistance. Moreover, we summarize potential predictive factors for the resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Furthermore, we give an insight into the possible solutions to improve efficacy and clinical response. In the following research, combined efforts of basic researchers and clinicians are required to address the limitation of therapy resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.