ReviewNutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition2021
Review of Preterm Human-Milk Nutrient Composition.
Review in Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review on the Impact of Donor Characteristics and Donor Milk Handling on Infant Health and Growth.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Pooled it
- Immediate fortification of human milk with a bovine milk-derived human milk fortifier in very low birth weight infants: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Trial
- Analysis of zinc and copper levels in very low birth weight infants using human milk additives: phase 1 trial findings.Jornal de pediatriaTrial
- Impact of breast milk composition on nutritional status of term neonates with congenital heart defects: A prospective study.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Human milk: insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Umbilical Cord Biomarkers of Nutritional and Metabolic Status in Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Sodium Supplementation Algorithm to Promote Growth in Infants Who Are Preterm: Randomized Clinical Trial.Pediatrics open science · 2026Article
- Application Effect of Colostrum Oral Immunotherapy in the Early Stage of Mechanical Ventilation for Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Observational
- Article
- Neonatal Kidney Function, Injury and Drug Dosing: A Contemporary Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Role of Human Milk Microbiota in Infant Neurodevelopment: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Lyophilized (freeze-dried) human milk for preterm infants: a scoping review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- The role of zinc in the premature brain: functions, outcomes and future research perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Influence of maternal and perinatal factors on macronutrient content of very preterm human milk during the first weeks after birth.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- Breast Milk Protein Percentiles According to Gestational and Postnatal Age: Could It Be Used as a New Alternative in Guided Fortification?Indian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Nutrient composition of preterm mother's milk and factors that influence nutrient content.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Observational
- Early Enteral Feeding Improves Tolerance of Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Newborns.Nutrients · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe human milk-fed preterm infant is at risk for growth failure, micronutrient deficiencies, and neurocognitive delay. Although protective and better tolerated than formula, human milk alone cannot meet the high nutrient requirements of this population, and fortification is necessary. Clinicians use assumptions of preterm human-milk composition to determine the type and quantity of fortification.
objectivesThe objectives of this review were to identify evidence of macronutrient and micronutrient concentration in preterm human milk and to identify knowledge gaps regarding composition.
methodsPubMed and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were used to identify original articles published between January 1950 and December 2019.
resultsTwenty-seven articles were found containing original data on macronutrients and micronutrients. Most (67%) of the studies published after 2011 measured the macronutrients and included gestational ages from 28 to 36 weeks. Milk collection methods, experimental design, and analytical methods varied between studies. There are 15 countries represented in this review; all of the American studies (n = 7) were published from 1980 to 1984.
conclusionsAfrican American women, or women delivering before 28 weeks' gestation are not represented in the literature. Accurate and targeted human-milk fortification depends on comprehensive, complete, and representative human-milk nutrient data. We have aggregated all available preterm human-milk macronutrient and micronutrient data and reported trends associated with lactation stage and gestational age. This report can aid in the design of feeding plans that are appropriate for the gestational age of the preterm infant and the lactation stage of the breastmilk.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.