ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2020
Effect of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutrition interventions on enteropathogens in children 14 months old: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the impact of food and nutrition programs on child nutrition and household food security in Ethiopia.BMC nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of improved water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition on early childhood IgG immune repertoire development againstmSphere · 2026Trial
- Water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions can reduce child antibiotic use: evidence from Bangladesh and Kenya.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- A cluster-randomized trial of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on stress and epigenetic programming.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Influence of Temperature and Precipitation on the Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Handwashing Interventions against Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Rural Bangladesh: A Reanalysis of the WASH Benefits Bangladesh Trial.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Trial
- WASH interventions and child diarrhea at the interface of climate and socioeconomic position in Bangladesh.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Optimising the management of childhood acute diarrhoeal disease using a rapid test-and- treat strategy and/orBMJ global health · 2022Trial
- Ingestion of Fecal Bacteria along Multiple Pathways by Young Children in Rural Bangladesh Participating in a Cluster-Randomized Trial of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions (WASH Benefits).Environmental science & technology · 2020Trial
- Reconstructing pathogen-specific antibody binding epitopes and age-dependent immune signatures from proteomic-scale peptide libraries.Science advances · 2026Article
- Sources and transmission dynamics ofmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Rainfall and temperature influence effectiveness of on-site sanitation intervention against E. coli contamination in Bangladeshi households.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Pathogen-specific predicting factors of childhood diarrhoea and their seasonality: evaluation from Rohingya refugees and host population in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Effects of improved water, sanitation, handwashing and nutrition on early childhood IgG immune repertoire development againstmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Enteric pathogen carriage in early childhood is associated with elevated CRP, lower IGF-1 and linear growth deficits: the ELICIT study in rural Tanzania.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Social, Demographic and Health Risk Factors for Head Growth in Infants in Rural Guatemala: A Prospective Cohort Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Reconstructing pathogen-specific antibody binding epitopes and age-dependent immune signatures from proteomic-scale peptide libraries.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction and neurodevelopmental outcomes among children in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: a prospective cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Pathways through which water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition interventions reduce antibiotic use in young children: a mediation analysis of a cohort nested within a cluster-randomized trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Harnessing Non-standard Nucleic Acids for Highly Sensitive Icosaplex (20-Plex) Detection of Microbial Threats for Environmental Surveillance.ACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe evaluated the impact of low-cost water, sanitation, handwashing (WSH) and child nutrition interventions on enteropathogen carriage in the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh.
methodsWe analyzed 1411 routine fecal samples from children 14±2 months old in the WSH (n = 369), nutrition counseling plus lipid-based nutrient supplement (n = 353), nutrition plus WSH (n = 360), and control (n = 329) arms for 34 enteropathogens using quantitative PCR. Outcomes included the number of co-occurring pathogens; cumulative quantity of four stunting-associated pathogens; and prevalence and quantity of individual pathogens. Masked analysis was by intention-to-treat.
results326 (99.1%) control children had one or more enteropathogens detected (mean 3.8±1.8). Children receiving WSH interventions had lower prevalence and quantity of individual viruses than controls (prevalence difference for norovirus: -11% [95% confidence interval [CI], -5 to -17%]; sapovirus: -9% [95%CI, -3 to -15%]; and adenovirus 40/41: -9% [95%CI, -2 to - 15%]). There was no difference in bacteria, parasites, or cumulative quantity of stunting-associated pathogens between controls and any intervention arm.
conclusionsWSH interventions were associated with fewer enteric viruses in children aged 14 months. Different strategies are needed to reduce enteric bacteria and parasites at this critical young age.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.