ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2021
Cocaine treatment demands in 10 western European countries: observed trends between 2011 and 2018.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the efficacy of cholinergic agents for the treatment of psychostimulant use disorder: a systematic review.Psychopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Service utilization patterns in cocaine use disorder: A data-driven study.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Associations Between Self-Reported Cocaine Use Patterns and Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Hair: Implications for Clinical and Forensic Practices.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
- Trends in cocaine use and cocaine-related harms in Ireland: a retrospective, multi-source database study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Treatment demand for cannabis use problems: analyses of routine data from 30 European countries.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Breaking barriers: a qualitative exploration of healthcare access for crack cocaine users in Limerick.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- A single case report of STN-DBS for severe crack-cocaine dependence: double-blind ON vs. SHAM randomized controlled assessment.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Burden of mental health and substance use disorders among Italian young people aged 10-24 years: results from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- Patients Hospitalized for Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in France: Time Trends (2008-2019), In-Hospital Outcomes, Age and Sex Differences.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Cocaine treatment demands in 10 western European countries: observed trends between 2011 and 2018.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 10 institutions in 12 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsTo describe cocaine treatment demand in 10 western European countries and to examine the size, direction and temporality of recent trends in the proportion of cocaine users among all clients entering treatment.
designAggregated data collected through the European Union standardized treatment demand monitoring system (TDI) between 2011 and 2018 were used.
settingBelgium, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands.
participantsIn total, more than 700 000 cocaine treatment records were analysed. Clients in treatment for cocaine as primary drug were predominantly male (85%), with an average age of 35 years. MEASUREMENTS: Number of treatment episodes for substance use and for cocaine as primary or secondary drug were collected year- and country-wise. When available, powder cocaine and crack and patients with and without previous treatment were differentiated.
findingsAmong the participating countries the share of cocaine as primary drug in treatment demand ranged between 4.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.6-4.9%] in Germany and 43.1% in Spain (95% CI = 42.6-43.5%). The general trend analysis showed a decreasing proportion of cocaine-related treatment entrants between 2011 and 2014 among all subgroups followed by a strong increase in 2015. The increase appeared stronger than for powder cocaine. Seven of 10 countries observed a recent significant increase in the proportion of treatment entrants reporting cocaine as the primary substance: Belgium [annual percentage change (APC) = 9.6%, P < 0.01], England (APC = 14.9%, P < 0.05), France (APC = 21.8%, P < 0.01), Ireland (APC = 28.2%, P < 0.01), Italy (APC = 7.8%, P < 0.01), Spain (APC = 7.0%, P < 0.05) and Switzerland (APC = 12.0%, P < 0.05). Trends were similar when looking at cocaine reported as primary or adjunctive substance.
conclusionsDespite substantial country-specific variation regarding cocaine prevalence and treatment demand, there has been an overall significant increase since 2015 in the share of cocaine-related treatment demand in western Europe.
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