ArticleToxins2020
Germ-Free Conditions Modulate Host Purine Metabolism, Exacerbating Adenine-Induced Kidney Damage.
Article in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Links between Microbiome and Uremic Toxins in Acute Kidney Injury: Beyond Gut Feeling-A Systematic Review.Toxins · 2020Pooled it
- Kidney Function Modulates Gut Microbial Metabolism.Toxins · 2026Article
- Interplay between gut microbiota and acute kidney injury: a review of their mutual influence and causation.Renal failure · 2025Review
- DRIVERS OF VARIATION OF THE ZEBRAFISH EGG MICROBIOME.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Impacts of 360 mg/kg Niacinamide Supplementation in Low-Protein Diets on Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism and Intestinal Microbiota in Growing-Finishing Pigs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Adenine-induced animal model of chronic kidney disease: current applications and future perspectives.Renal failure · 2024Review
- A systematic framework for understanding the microbiome in human health and disease: from basic principles to clinical translation.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Exploring the gut microbiome: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as key players in human health and disease improvement.Food science and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Quantifying the impact of gut microbiota on inflammation and hypertensive organ damage.Cardiovascular research · 2023Article
- Monkfish (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in acute kidney injury: novel insights into mechanisms and promising therapeutic strategies.Renal failure · 2022Review
- The Short-Day Cycle Induces Intestinal Epithelial Purine Metabolism Imbalance and Hepatic Disfunctions in Antibiotic-Mediated Gut Microbiota Perturbation Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Role of Gut-Derived, Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in the Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury.Toxins · 2022Review
- Gut Microbiota Dynamics and Uremic Toxins.Toxins · 2022Article
- Role of the microbiota in hypertension and antihypertensive drug metabolism.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Review
- Reno-Protective Effect of Low Protein Diet Supplemented With α-Ketoacid Through Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolism in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- The faecal metabolome in COVID-19 patients is altered and associated with clinical features and gut microbes.Analytica chimica acta · 2021Article
- Article
- The Human Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Double-Edged Sword.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Alterations in microbiota are known to affect kidney disease conditions. We have previously shown that germ-free conditions exacerbated adenine-induced kidney damage in mice; however, the mechanism by which this occurs has not been elucidated. To explore this mechanism, we examined the influence of germ-free conditions on purine metabolism and renal immune responses involved in the kidney damage. Germ-free mice showed higher expression levels of purine-metabolizing enzymes such as xanthine dehydrogenase, which converts adenine to a nephrotoxic byproduct 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA). The germ-free mice also showed increased urinary excretion of allantoin, indicating enhanced purine metabolism. Metabolome analysis demonstrated marked differences in the purine metabolite levels in the feces of germ-free mice and mice with microbiota. Furthermore, unlike the germ-free condition, antibiotic treatment did not increase the expression of purine-metabolizing enzymes or exacerbate adenine-induced kidney damage. Considering renal immune responses, the germ-free mice displayed an absence of renal IL-17A expression. However, the adenine-induced kidney damage in wild-type mice was comparable to that in IL-17A-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-17A does not play a major role in the disease condition. Our results suggest that the enhanced host purine metabolism in the germ-free mice potentially promotes the conversion of the administered adenine into 2,8-DHA, resulting in exacerbated kidney damage. This further suggests a role of the microbiota in regulating host purine metabolism.
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Registered trials
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