Trial reportNutrients2020
Interleukin-6 Gene Expression Changes after a 4-Week Intake of a Multispecies Probiotic in Major Depressive Disorder-Preliminary Results of the PROVIT Study.
Trial report in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- The therapeutic readiness of probiotics in major depressive disorder: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Psychobiotic, nutritional, and behavioral interventions targeting the microbiome-gut-brain axis in depression, anxiety, and stress: a scoping review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of gut microbiome-targeted treatment in patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- The effect and safety of probiotics on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Probiotics as a Tool for Regulating Molecular Mechanisms in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Multi-species probiotic supplement enhances vagal nerve function - results of a randomized controlled trial in patients with depression and healthy controls.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- Examining immune-inflammatory mechanisms of probiotic supplementation in depression: secondary findings from a randomized clinical trial.Translational psychiatry · 2024Trial
- PROVIT-CLOCK: A Potential Influence of Probiotics and Vitamin B7 Add-On Treatment and Metabolites on Clock Gene Expression in Major Depression.Neuropsychobiology · 2024Trial
- PROVIT: Supplementary Probiotic Treatment and Vitamin B7 in Depression-A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- GABA-Producing Bacteria as Potential Psychobiotics in Gut-Brain Axis Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Pediatric Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Development and Intervention.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Suicide attempt predictors among adolescents exhibiting non-suicidal self-injury: A six-week follow-up open study.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Probiotics and the Gut-Brain Axis: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Epilepsy and Depression Comorbidity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Potential clinical benefits of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics for depressionWorld journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Nutritional Strategies in Major Depression Disorder: From Ketogenic Diet to Modulation of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Expression of salivary hepcidin and its inducer, interleukin 6 as well as type I interferons are significantly elevated in infants with poor oral rotavirus vaccine take in South Africa.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Understanding immune system dysfunction and its context in mood disorders: psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and clinical interventions.Military Medical Research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent disease, in which one third of sufferers do not respond to antidepressants. Probiotics have the potential to be well-tolerated and cost-efficient treatment options. However, the molecular pathways of their effects are not fully elucidated yet. Based on previous literature, we assume that probiotics can positively influence inflammatory mechanisms. We aimed at analyzing the effects of probiotics on gene expression of inflammation genes as part of the randomized, placebo-controlled, multispecies probiotics PROVIT study in Graz, Austria. Fasting blood of 61 inpatients with MDD was collected before and after four weeks of probiotic intake or placebo. We analyzed the effects on gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.