ArticleThe New phytologist2021
Azolla ferns testify: seed plants and ferns share a common ancestor for leucoanthocyanidin reductase enzymes.
Article in The New phytologist, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary adaptations to the hormonal regulation of vascular tissue development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Evolutionary dynamics of the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis gene LAR.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Comparative transcriptomics in ferns reveals key innovations and divergent evolution of the secondary cell walls.Nature plants · 2025Article
- Biotic interactions, evolutionary forces and the pan-plant specialized metabolism.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Phylogeny and evolution of streptophyte algae.Annals of botany · 2024Review
- Impact of High Light Intensity and Low Temperature on the Growth and Phenylpropanoid Profile ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Identification and Functional Analysis of the Promoter of a Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase Gene from Gossypium hirsutum.Molecular biotechnology · 2023Article
- Flavonoids - flowers, fruit, forage and the future.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2023Review
- Evolutionary genomic insights into cyanobacterial symbioses in plants.Quantitative plant biology · 2022Review
- Light and Temperature Shape the Phenylpropanoid Profile ofFrontiers in plant science · 2021Article
- Far-Red Light-InducedFrontiers in plant science · 2021Article
- Differential Production of Phenolics, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins in Stressed and Unstressed Aquatic Plants,Biology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Questions about in vivo substrates for proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis and condensation have not been resolved and wide gaps in the understanding of transport and biogenesis in 'tannosomes' persist. Here we examined the evolution of PA biosynthesis in ferns not previously reported, asking what PAs are synthesised and how. Chemical and gene-expression analyses were combined to characterise PA biosynthesis, leveraging genome annotation from the floating fern Azolla filiculoides. In vitro assay and phylogenomics of PIP-dehydrogenases served to infer the evolution of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Sporophyte-synthesised (epi)catechin polymers, averaging only seven subunits, accumulated to 5.3% in A. filiculoides, and 8% in A. pinnata biomass dry weight. Consistently, a LAR active in vitro was highly expressed in A. filiculoides. LAR, and paralogous fern WLAR-enzymes with differing substrate binding sites, represent an evolutionary innovation of the common ancestor of fern and seed plants. The specific ecological niche of Azolla ferns, a floating plant-microbe mat massively fixing CO
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