ArticleBiomaterials2020
4D-bioprinted silk hydrogels for tissue engineering.
Article in Biomaterials, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 301 citations in OpenAlex.
- Critical Systematic Review of 3D Bioprinting in Biomedicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Smart Bioinks for 4D Bioprinting: Requirements, Design, and Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Engineering heterogeneous tissues and organs via multi-material bioprinting: Advances, challenges, and opportunities.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Review
- Discrete 2D Material Programming for 3D Shaping and Morphogenesis-Inspired 4D Bioprinting.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Rational design of immunological programs for functional regenerative niches.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Dynamic Silk Fibroin Hydrogels for Programmable Bioactuation and Smart Shape Deformation: Mechanisms, Performance Evaluation, and Biomedical Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Stimuli-responsive 4D-bioprinted constructs for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration: Shape-morphing mechanisms, cell-laden bioink engineering, and preclinical outcomes.Regenerative therapy · 2026Review
- Radical-Mediated, Substrate-Independent Fabrication of Hybrid Solid-Hydrogel Materials With Tunable Crosslinking: An Initiator- and Crosslinker-Free Approach.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Toward 4D printed functional soft tissues.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Review
- 3D printing as an innovative tool in personalized management of complex airway diseases: a literature review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- [Application of Kartogenin in cartilage tissue engineering].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Review
- Unconventional bioprinting modalities for advanced tissue biofabrication.Biomaterials · 2026Review
- Design and Application of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for 4D Printing: A Review of Adaptive Materials in Engineering.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multifaceted mechanical responsive metamaterials: Mechanisms, fabrications, and applications.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Review
- Towards a bioengineered airway: advances in tracheal tissue engineering and biofabrication.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Integrated biofabrication of artificial esophageal scaffolds using electrospinning, embedded DLP, and extrusion techniques.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Cell Contractile Force-Mediated Morphogenetic Tissue Engineering via 4D Printed Degradable Hydrogel Scaffolds.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Facile Single-Nanocomposite 4D Bioprinting of Dynamic Hydrogel Constructs with Thickness-Controlled Gradient.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Vat Photopolymerization of Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications.ACS applied polymer materials · 2025Review
- Cell Contractile Forces Drive Spatiotemporal Morphogenesis in 4D Bioprinted Living Constructs.Matter · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recently, four-dimensional (4D) printing is emerging as the next-generation biofabrication technology. However, current 4D bioprinting lacks biocompatibility or multi-component printability. In addition, suitable implantable targets capable of applying 4D bioprinted products have not yet been established, except theoretical and in vitro study. Herein, we describe a cell-friendly and biocompatible 4D bioprinting system including more than two cell types based on digital light processing (DLP) and photocurable silk fibroin (Sil-MA) hydrogel. The shape changes of 3D printed bilayered Sil-MA hydrogels were controlled by modulating their interior or exterior properties in physiological conditions. We used finite element analysis (FEA) simulations to explore the possible changes in the complex structure. Finally, we made trachea mimetic tissue with two cell types using this 4D bioprinting system and implanted it into a damaged trachea of rabbit for 8 weeks. The implants were integrated with the host trachea naturally, and both epithelium and cartilage were formed at the predicted sites. These findings demonstrate that 4D bioprinting system could make tissue mimetic scaffold biologically and suggest the potential value of the 4D bioprinting system for tissue engineering and the clinical application.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.