ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2020
Cognitive reserve and midlife vascular risk: Cognitive and clinical outcomes.
Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebral amyloid associated with global cognition is differentially moderated by pulse pressure across education levels in The 90+ Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Cognitive reserve against vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A scoping review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- MIND diet moderates the associations between cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease burden and cognition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Vascular risk factors mediate the relationship between education and white matter hyperintensities.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Cognitive resilience in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Higher NPTX2 and VGF levels are associated with reduced cognitive decline.Neurobiology of aging · 2025Article
- APOE, ABCA7, and RASGEF1C are associated with earlier onset of amyloid deposition from more than 4000 harmonized positron emission tomography images.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Life's Essential 8 and midlife trajectories in cognition and brain health: The CARDIA study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Healthy dietary intake diminishes the effect of cerebral small vessel disease on cognitive performance in older adults.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Two-Stage Recruitment Design to Reduce Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Cost for a Theoretical Clinical Trial of White Matter Hyperintensity Progression.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- The False Recognition Test, a new tool for the assessment of false memories, with normative data from an Italian sample.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Mediating effects of physical activities and cognitive function on the relationship between dietary diversity and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Acceleration of Brain Atrophy and Progression From Normal Cognition to Mild Cognitive Impairment.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- The concept of resilience to Alzheimer's Disease: current definitions and cellular and molecular mechanisms.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Actigraphy Estimated Sleep Moderates the Relationship between Physical Activity and Cognition in Older Adults.Mental health and physical activity · 2024Article
- Alzheimer's disease genetic risk and changes in brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities in cognitively unimpaired adults.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Mechanisms and Functions of the Cerebral-Cognitive Reserve in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review.Consortium psychiatricum · 2024Review
- Lifelong Cognitive Reserve, Imaging Markers of Brain Aging, and Cognitive Function in Dementia-Free Rural Older Adults: A Population-Based Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- The Association Between Temporal Atrophy and Episodic Memory Is Moderated by Education in a Multi-Center Memory Clinic Sample.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Regional White Matter Hyperintensities and Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers Among Older Adults with Normal Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Association of Lifelong Cognitive Reserve with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults with Limited Formal Education: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveExamine whether cognitive reserve moderates the association of 1) vascular risk factors and 2) white matter hyperintensity burden with risk of clinical progression and longitudinal cognitive decline.
methodsBIOCARD Study participants were cognitively normal and primarily middle-aged (M = 57 years) at baseline and have been followed with annual cognitive and clinical assessments (M = 13 years). Baseline cognitive reserve was indexed with a composite score combining education with reading and vocabulary scores. Baseline vascular risk (N = 229) was assessed with a composite risk score reflecting five vascular risk factors. Baseline white matter hyperintensity load (N = 271) was measured with FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging. Cox regression models assessed risk of progression from normal cognition to onset of clinical symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Longitudinal mixed effects models measured the relationship of these variables to cognitive decline, using a global composite score, and executive function and episodic memory sub-scores.
resultsBoth vascular risk and white matter hyperintensities were associated with cognitive decline, particularly in executive function. Higher vascular risk, but not white matter hyperintensity burden, was associated with an increased risk of progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Higher cognitive reserve was associated with a reduced risk of symptom onset and higher levels of baseline cognition but did not modify the associations between the vascular risk score and white matter hyperintensities with clinical progression or cognitive decline.
interpretationAlthough cognitive reserve has protective effects on clinical and cognitive outcomes, it does not mitigate the negative impact of vascular risk and small vessel cerebrovascular disease on these same outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.