GuidelineSupportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer2020
Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) 2020 clinical practice recommendations for the management of severe gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities from checkpoint inhibitors.
Guideline in Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Exploratory Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sulfasalazine for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI)-Induced Colitis.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Determinants of severity in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis: clinical, radiologic, and laboratory insights from real-life clinical data.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-induced Hepatitis, an Emerging Issue in Precision Cancer Therapy Era: A Narrative Literature Review.Rambam Maimonides medical journal · 2026Review
- Clinicopathological features of steroid-refractory immune-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- High Grade Hepatotoxicity From Dual Checkpoint Inhibitors Is More Common in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Than Other Cancers.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Article
- Ileostomy for Refractory Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Colitis: A Case Report and Literature Review.Cureus · 2025Article
- Function ofEJNMMI reports · 2025Article
- Developing alert thresholds and self-management advice for people receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer modified Delphi survey.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Article
- Hepatotoxicity in Cancer Immunotherapy: Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives.Cancers · 2024Review
- Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors and risk of immune-mediated adverse events: a cohort study comparing extended versus standard interval administration.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Innate and adaptive immune cell interaction drives inflammasome activation and hepatocyte apoptosis in murine liver injury from immune checkpoint inhibitors.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- PD-1 Blockade Induces Reactivation of Nonproductive T-Cell Responses Characterized by NF-κB Signaling in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Article
- Review
- Reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation following camrelizumab monotherapy or combination therapy for multi-cancers: a large-scale pooled analysis of 10 studies in China.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2024Article
- Hepatobiliary complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2024Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors: maximizing benefit whilst minimizing toxicity.Expert review of anticancer therapy · 2023Review
- The Current status of steroid-refractory immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-related hepatotoxicity.Translational oncology · 2023Review
- An updated review of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by PD-1 inhibitors: from mechanisms to management.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune-related adverse events (IrAEs) affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and liver are among the most frequent and most severe inflammatory toxicities from contemporary immunotherapy. Inflammation of the colon and or small intestines (entero)colitis is the single most common GI IrAE and is an important cause of delay of discontinuation of immunotherapy. The severity of these GI IrAEs can range from manageable with symptomatic treatment alone to life-threatening complications, including perforation and liver failure. The frequency and severity of GI IrAEs is dependent on the specific immunotherapy given, with cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 blockade more likely to induce severe GI IrAEs than blockade of either programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or PD-1 ligand (PD-L1), and combination therapy showing the highest rate of GI IrAEs, particularly in the liver. To date, we have minimal prospective data on the appropriate diagnosis and management of GI IrAEs, and recommendations are based largely on retrospective data and expert opinion. Although clinical diagnoses of GI IrAEs are common, biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of both immunotherapy-induced enterocolitis and hepatitis and can play an important role in excluding competing, though less common, diagnoses and ensuring optimal management. GI IrAEs typically respond to high-dose corticosteroids, though a significant fraction of patients requires secondary immune suppression. For colitis, both TNF-α blockade with infliximab and integrin inhibition with vedolizumab have proved highly effective in corticosteroid-refractory cases. Detailed guidelines have been published for the management of low-grade GI IrAEs. In the setting of more severe toxicities, involvement of a GI specialist is generally recommended. The purpose of this review is to survey the available literature and provide management recommendations focused on the GI specialist.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.