ArticleParasites & vectors2020
Molecular evidence confirms occurrence of Rhipicephalus microplus Clade A in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Investigation of Parasitic Ticks and the Potential Tick-Borne Pathogenic Fungi in Yunnan Province, Southwest China.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Copy Number Variation-Based Molecular Sexing ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Adaptation and Invasion Dynamics ofInsects · 2025Review
- Molecular characterization of Rhipicephalus microplus and tick-borne pathogens in cattle in Nepal.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Distribution ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2025Review
- Tick Control Strategies: Critical Insights into Chemical, Biological, Physical, and Integrated Approaches for Effective Hard Tick Management.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- A morpho-phylogenetic update on ixodid ticks infesting cattle and buffalos in Vietnam, with three new species to the fauna and a checklist of all species indigenous to the country.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Molecular identification and morphological variations of Amblyomma lepidum imported to Egypt, with notes about its potential distribution under climate change.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Genetic Diversity ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Characterization and Seasonal Dynamics of Tick Populations in Dairy Cattle Production Systems of Northwestern Colombian Amazon.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Identification and distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus in selected high-cattle density districts in Uganda: signaling future demand for novel tick control approaches.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- The complete mitochondrial genome of cattle tick clade C reveals the genetic relationship within Rhipicephalus microplus complex.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Low Genetic Diversity of the Only Clade of the TickPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Control of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Africa through improved diagnosis and utilisation of data on acaricide resistance.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Molecular characterization ofJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2023Article
- Amplification and sequencing of entire tick mitochondrial genomes for a phylogenomic analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Comparative analyses of the mitochondrial genomes of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus clades A and B from China.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- Molecular survey of Babesia parasites in Kenya: first detailed report on occurrence of Babesia bovis in cattle.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe tick vector Rhipicephalus microplus which transmits Babesia spp. and rickettsial pathogens has not been reported in Kenya since 1998. More recently, the pathogenic Babesia bovis has been detected in cattle blood DNA. The status of R. microplus in Kenya remains unknown. This study employed morphological and molecular tools to characterize R. microplus originating from Kenya and assess the genetic relationships between Kenyan and other African R. microplus genotypes.
methodsTicks were collected in south-eastern Kenya (Kwale County) from cattle and characterized to investigate the existence of R. microplus. Genetic and phylogenetic relationships between the Kenyan and other annotated R. microplus reference sequences was investigated by analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. To further characterize Kenyan ticks, we generated low coverage whole genome sequences of two R. microplus, one R. decoloratus and R. appendiculatus. A B. bovis specific TaqMan probe qPCR assay was used to detect B. bovis in gDNA from R. microplus ticks.
resultsOccurrence of R. microplus was confirmed in Kwale County, Kenya. The Kenyan R. microplus cox1 sequences showed very high pairwise identities (> 99%) and clustered very closely with reference African R. microplus sequences. We found a low genetic variation and lack of geographical sub-structuring among the African cox1 sequences of R. microplus. Four complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes for two R. microplus, one R. decoloratus and one R. appendiculatus were assembled from next generation sequence data. The mitochondrial genome sequences of the two Kenyan R. microplus ticks clustered closely with reference genome sequences from Brazil, USA, Cambodia and India forming R. microplus Clade A. No B. bovis was detected in the Kwale R. microplus DNA.
conclusionsThese findings confirm the presence of R. microplus in Kenya and suggest that R. microplus Clade A is prevalent in cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. These and other recent findings of widespread occurrence of R. microplus in Africa provide a strong justification for urgent surveillance to determine and monitor the spread of R. microplus and vector competence of Boophilus ticks for B. bovis in Africa, with the ultimate goal of strategic control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.