ReviewImmunity2020
Implications of Sex Differences in Immunity for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Design of Therapeutic Interventions.
Review in Immunity, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Pooled it
- Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic: insights into molecular mechanisms leading to sex-based differences in patient outcomes.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Safety and long-term improvement of mesenchymal stromal cell infusion in critically COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Trial
- Donor-specific, but not sex-specific, signatures dominate cell-type classification in lung scRNA-seq data.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Brain corticogenesis promotes SARS-CoV-2 neuro-glial tropism through lipid-dependent viral replication.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Expression levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG, and neutralizing antibodies in a Chinese cohort and detection of peptide-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Age-driven shifts in T and NK cell responses amplify inflammation and coagulopathy during viral infection in mice and humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Roles of sex and SP-A genetic variants in modulating multiorgan injuries post viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Three maxims for countering sex essentialism in scientific research.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Article
- Influence of Sex and 1,25α Dihydroxyvitamin DPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 Omicron subvariants following breakthrough infection in southwest China between December 2022 and April 2024.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Article
- Age influences blood cell-based immune deregulation antibody response and unfavorable clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex-specific differences in toxicology: does the sex make the poison?Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- The burden of COVID-19 in primary care of Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2021-2022.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Fast, Present and Future of the Concept of Spondyloarthritis.Current rheumatology reports · 2025Review
- Detectable SARS-CoV-2 specific immune responses in recovered unvaccinated individuals 250 days post wild type infection.PloS one · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Adjuvants to the S1-subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine improve antibody and T cell responses and surrogate neutralization in mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Men present more frequently with severe manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are at higher risk for death. The underlying mechanisms for these differences between female and male individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are insufficiently understood. However, studies from other viral infections have shown that females can mount stronger immune responses against viruses than males. Emerging knowledge on the basic biological pathways that underlie differences in immune responses between women and men needs to be incorporated into research efforts on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and pathology to identify targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing antiviral immune function and lung airway resilience while reducing pathogenic inflammation in COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.