ArticleThe American journal of gastroenterology2020
Increased Risk of COVID-19 Among Users of Proton Pump Inhibitors.
Article in The American journal of gastroenterology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 194 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Is Not Strongly Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Related Outcomes: A Nationwide Study and Meta-analysis.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2021Pooled it
- Proton Pump Inhibitors: Current Use and the Risk of Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 Development and its Related Mortality. Meta-analysis.Archives of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Lack of Consistent Associations Between Pharmacologic Gastric Acid Suppression and Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Gastroenterology · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of Acid Suppressants on the Risk of COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Study Using UK Biobank.Gastroenterology · 2021Pooled it
- Histamine receptors and COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2021Pooled it
- The Resistance Paradox in COVID-19 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Retrospective Study on Rapid Molecular Stewardship.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Following Esophageal Variceal Ligation and Its Impact on Clinical Outcomes: Real-World Data from the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Determining Filipinos' Preferences for Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests: Insights From a Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Article
- Soluble wild-type ACE2 molecules inhibit newer SARS-CoV-2 variants and are a potential antiviral strategy to mitigate disease severity in COVID-19.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on Japanese patients with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders during the vaccination era.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal symptoms among COVID-19 patients presenting to a primary health care center of Nepal: A cross-sectional study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Major Shifts in Acid Suppression Drug Utilization After the 2019 Ranitidine Recalls in Canada and United States.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2023Article
- Proton pump inhibitor-induced gut dysbiosis and immunomodulation: current knowledge and potential restoration by probiotics.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2023Review
- Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists and Proton Pump Inhibitors Are Associated With Reduced Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Without Comorbidities Including Diabetes, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia: A Propensity Score-Matched Nationwide Cohort Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Intestinal Damage, Inflammation and Microbiota Alteration during COVID-19 Infection.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- COVID-19: Impact on the Musician and Returning to Singing; A Literature Review.Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation · 2023Review
- The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Miscellaneous Inflammatory Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract.Gastroenterology clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Association between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine Immunogenicity.Microorganisms · 2023Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase the risk for enteric infections that is likely related to PPI-induced hypochlorhydria. Although the impact of acid suppression on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is unknown thus far, previous data revealed that pH ≤3 impairs the infectivity of the similar severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1. Thus, we aimed to determine whether use of PPIs increases the odds for acquiring coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among community-dwelling Americans.
methodsFrom May 3 to June 24, 2020, we performed an online survey described to participating adults as a "national health survey." A multivariable logistic regression was performed on reporting a positive COVID-19 test to adjust for a wide range of confounding factors and to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsOf 53,130 participants, 3,386 (6.4%) reported a positive COVID-19 test. In regression analysis, individuals using PPIs up to once daily (aOR 2.15; 95% CI, 1.90-2.44) or twice daily (aOR 3.67; 95% CI, 2.93-4.60) had significantly increased odds for reporting a positive COVID-19 test when compared with those not taking PPIs. Individuals taking histamine-2 receptor antagonists were not at elevated risk. DISCUSSION: We found evidence of an independent, dose-response relationship between the use of antisecretory medications and COVID-19 positivity; individuals taking PPIs twice daily have higher odds for reporting a positive test when compared with those using lower-dose PPIs up to once daily, and those taking the less potent histamine-2 receptor antagonists are not at increased risk. These findings emphasize good clinical practice that PPIs should only be used when indicated at the lowest effective dose, such as the approved once-daily label dosage of over-the-counter and prescription PPIs. Further studies examining the association between PPIs and COVID-19 are needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.