ReviewFrontiers in public health2020
Racial and Gender-Based Differences in COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 330 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of disease severity, age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination on secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Representation in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Outcomes of patients with HIV and COVID-19 co-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.AIDS research and therapy · 2022Pooled it
- Do COVID-19 CT features vary between patients from within and outside mainland China? Findings from a meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- The emerging threat of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) in COVID-19: A systematic review.Heart & lung : the journal of critical carePooled it
- Disparities and determinants of outcomes in COVID-19 emergency department visits in the united states: a nationwide analysis of mortality and patient disposition.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- A national growth mixture modeling analysis of county-level COVID-19 incidence rate trajectories and health inequities during three successive pandemic waves in 2020.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in Patient Reported Well-Being and Cognitive Functioning Within 3 Months of Symptomatic Illness During COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- COVID-19 booster doses reduce sex disparities in antibody responses among nursing home residents.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Severity Matters: How COVID-19 Severity Impacts Long-Term Effects on Symptoms, Physical Activity and Functionality-An Observational Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Long COVID: plasma levels of neurofilament light chain in mild COVID-19 patients with neurocognitive symptoms.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Recent advances in COVID-19-induced liver injury: causes, diagnosis, and management.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Review
- Outcomes of Patients Living with HIV Hospitalized due to COVID-19: A 3-Year Nationwide Study (2020-2022).AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Cerebellitis following COVID-19 infection: A case-based systematic review and pooled analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Demographic changes in COVID-19 mortality during the pandemic: analysis of trends in disparities among workers using California's mortality surveillance system.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance in African, Caucasian, and Asian ethnic groups.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Evolution of COVID-19 infection characteristics in a Lebanese cohort of inpatients during different pandemic periods.Pathogens and global health · 2024Observational
- Regulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor and angiotensin-(1-7)/MasR signaling in normal and hypertensive pregnancy.Biochemical pharmacology · 2024Review
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global health crisis since its first appearance in Wuhan, China. Current epidemiological studies suggest that COVID-19 affects older patients with multiple comorbidities, such as hypertension, obesity, and chronic lung diseases. The differences in the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are likely to be multifaceted, depending on various biological, social, and economical factors. Specifically, the socioeconomic differences and psychological impact of COVID-19 affecting males and females are essential in pandemic mitigation and preparedness. Previous clinical studies have shown that females are less susceptible to acquire viral infections and reduced cytokine production. Female patients have a higher macrophage and neutrophil activity as well as antibody production and response. Furthermore,
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.