ReviewFrontiers in oncology2020
Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 226 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
226 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 338 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hyperprogressive disease in carcinoma induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Pooled it
- Association of Ferritin Levels With Cytokine Release Syndrome in CAR T-Cell Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cancer medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody KN046 plus lenvatinib in advanced unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Efficacy of first-line atezolizumab combination therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving proton pump inhibitors: post hoc analysis of IMpower150.British journal of cancer · 2022Trial
- Targeted Strategies for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Exploring the Use of Aptamers and Gold Nanoparticles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The CXCL5/CXCR2 Axis Attenuates Ferroptosis in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Through the Positive Feedback Loop Between PTGS2 Transcriptional Activation and Neutrophil Recruitment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Interleukin-8 in health and disease.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Aging and cancer: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Drug-tolerant persisters and immunotherapy persister cells exhibit cross-resistance and share common survival mechanisms.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Importance of the delivery route for the tolerability and efficacy of immunomodulatory agents for lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum capsular exopolysaccharide enhances systemic anti-tumour immunity in pre-clinical breast cancer.Research square · 2026Article
- From Innate Immunity to Cancer Therapy: Antimicrobial Peptides as Emerging Anticancer Agents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Myeloid Malignancies Beyond the Cell: Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment with Next-Generation Immunotherapies.Cancers · 2026Review
- Precision oncology in gastric cancer: navigating molecular subtypes, therapeutic targets, and future horizons.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- The evolving role of OMICS in gastrointestinal tumor biology and clinical practice.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Bioengineered iPSC-derived human macrophages with increased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression suppress solid tumor growth.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- L1TD1 promotes colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma progression by enhancing ABCC3 mRNA stability.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Harnessing pyroptosis in breast cancer therapy: immunological mechanisms and emerging biomaterial strategies.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- MVGAE: A Multi-View Graph Auto-Encoder Model for Drug Prediction of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Synthetic Lethality.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- HER2/neu Expression in Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: A Pilot Two-Center Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
166 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the last decade, based on the extensive development of preclinical animal studies and clinical trials, the efficacy, and mechanisms of immunotherapy have been fully explored. Significant and lasting clinical responses with immunotherapy provide a new breakthrough treatment for a variety of refractory cancer histologies, which gradually change the treatment pattern of tumors. However, although immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs are promising for achieving longer-term efficacy, their benefits in the overall population are still very low, such as low frequency of response in some common tumor types such as breast and prostate, and heterogeneity in the degree of response among different tumor lesions in the same patient, making immunotherapy with many limitations and challenges. Most patients do not respond to immunotherapy or inevitably develop resistance to treatment after a period of treatment, manifesting with primary resistance or acquired resistance who initially respond to treatment. The mechanisms of tumor immune resistance are very complex and involve multiple aspects such as genes, metabolism, inflammation, and abnormal neovascularization. Currently, many mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance have been characterized, and more continue to be uncovered. These efforts can improve the quality of medical care for cancer diagnosis and treatment, which improve the quality of life of patients, and finally lead to accurate individualized treatment. This review discusses mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy resistance including tumor-intrinsic factors and tumor-extrinsic factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.