ArticleFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2020
SARS-CoV-2 Dissemination Through Peripheral Nerves Explains Multiple Organ Injury.
Article in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 sequelae in adults aged less than 50 years: A systematic review.Travel medicine and infectious diseasePooled it
- Phase 1/2 trial of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with a booster dose induces multifunctional antibody responses.Nature medicine · 2021Trial
- Review
- Neurological impairment in long COVID: implications for neurodegenerative disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Post-acute Corticospinal and Spinal Tractopathy after Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Novel Post-infectious Neurological Syndrome?Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- SM3DD with segmented PCA: a comprehensive method for interpreting 3D spatial transcriptomics.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Cognition, Cytokines, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Beyond in COVID-19: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 mutant spectrum complexity is an epidemiologically evolvable trait.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Ex vivo study of neuroinvasive and neurotropic viruses: what is current and what is next.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Fu Tu Sheng Jin Rehabilitation Formula Mitigate Airway Inflammation, Mucus Secretion and Immune Dysfunction Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Productive infection of the retinal pigment epithelium by SARS-CoV-2: Initial effects and consideration of long-term consequences.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Elimination of olfactory sensory neurons by zinc sulfate inoculation prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Unraveling the Pathophysiological Underpinnings and Therapeutic Implications.Viruses · 2024Review
- Long COVID: From olfactory dysfunctions to viral Parkinsonism.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2024Article
- Lipid Rafts: The Maestros of Normal Brain Development.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Long COVID and its association with neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenesis, neuroimaging, and treatment.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Review
- The mechanisms of nerve injury caused by viral infection in the occurrence of gastrointestinal motility disorder-related diseases.Virology journal · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain targets α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (CoVID-19), caused by recently identified severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is characterized by inconsistent clinical presentations. While many infected individuals remain asymptomatic or show mild respiratory symptoms, others develop severe pneumonia or even respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 is reported to be able to infect the lungs, the intestines, blood vessels, the bile ducts, the conjunctiva, macrophages, T lymphocytes, the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. More than a third of cases displayed neurological involvement, and many severely ill patients developed multiple organ infection and injury. However, less than 1% of patients had a detectable level of SARS-CoV-2 in the blood, raising a question of how the virus spreads throughout the body. We propose that nerve terminals in the orofacial mucosa, eyes, and olfactory neuroepithelium act as entry points for the brain invasion, allowing SARS-CoV-2 to infect the brainstem. By exploiting the subcellular membrane compartments of infected cells, a feature common to all coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 is capable to disseminate from the brain to periphery via vesicular axonal transport and passive diffusion through axonal endoplasmic reticula, causing multiple organ injury independently of an underlying respiratory infection. The proposed model clarifies a wide range of clinically observed phenomena in CoVID-19 patients, such as neurological symptoms unassociated with lung pathology, protracted presence of the virus in samples obtained from recovered patients, exaggerated immune response, and multiple organ failure in severe cases with variable course and dynamics of the disease. We believe that this model can provide novel insights into CoVID-19 and its long-term sequelae, and establish a framework for further research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.