ArticleTobacco control2021
Tobacco farming and current debt status among smallholder farmers in Manicaland province in Zimbabwe.
Article in Tobacco control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- The end of the garden path? Analyzing smallholder tobacco farming income and decision-making in Mozambique.Globalization and health · 2026Article
- The political economy of tobacco of Zimbabwe: An analysis of stakeholder perspectives.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The impacts on the economy, health, and environment resulting from tobacco cultivation: A cross-sectional survey of tobacco farmer perspectives in Thailand.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Cigarette Prices and Smoking Experimentation Among Zimbabwean Children: A Survival Analysis of the 2014 Global Youth Tobacco Survey.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Assessing the Level of Poverty and Utilization of Government Social Programs Among Tobacco Farmers in Indonesia.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Qualitative Study to Explore the Occupational and Reproductive Health Challenges among Women Tobacco Farm Laborers in Mysore District, India.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Does contract farming arrangement improve smallholder tobacco productivity? Evidence from Zimbabwe.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Perspectives of push-pull-mooring effects on a desire for switching to alternative crops among tobacco farmers in Thailand: A qualitative study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Addressing tobacco industry influence in tobacco-growing countries.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2024Article
- Future of farming must be food not tobacco.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Article
- Exploring the Political Economy Nexus of Tobacco Production and Control: A Case Study from Zambia.Critical public health · 2023Article
- Deteriorating Quality of Life and a Desire to Stop Growing Tobacco Among Virginia and Burley Tobacco Farmers in Thailand.JCO global oncology · 2022Article
- How does tobacco growing impact advancement in demand reduction measures?Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2021Article
- In-and-Out of Tobacco Farming: Shifting Behavior of Tobacco Farmers in Indonesia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionZimbabwe is the largest producer of tobacco leaf in Africa and the sixth largest globally. Tobacco leaf is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for about 10% of the country's GDP in 2018.
methodsWe use descriptive and regression analyses from a face-to-face survey of 381 smallholder farmers in three major tobacco-farming areas in Manicaland province to determine the prevalence of tobacco-related debt and some of its covariates. The survey was conducted in June and July 2019.
results74% of respondents are contract farmers and 26% are independent farmers. 57% of respondents indicated that they were in tobacco-related debt. The likelihood of being in tobacco-related debt is significantly more than average for farmers with the following characteristics (holding other characteristics constant): being a contract farmer, having a larger farm, employing only family labour and not recording expenses (as a proxy for financial sophistication). 91% of contract farmers would prefer to be independent farmers, while 63% of independent farmers would prefer to be contract farmers.
conclusionThere is no evidence to suggest that tobacco growing, in its current state, has benefited the tobacco farmers in Manicaland province. Tobacco farmers are largely victims, rather than beneficiaries, of the sector. There is a strong case for government intervention to improve the conditions of tobacco farmers, either through direct intervention in the tobacco-growing sector, or by encouraging and promoting crop substitution.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.