ArticlePloS one2020
Morphological and cytological observations of corolla green spots reveal the presence of functional chloroplasts in Japanese gentian.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms underlying green flower formation.Horticulture research · 2026Article
- Branched-chain amino acid catabolism initiates volatile synthesis in Gentiana triflora.Planta · 2025Article
- Incorporation of photosynthetically active algal chloroplasts in cultured mammalian cells towards photosynthesis in animals.Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences · 2024Article
- Efficient double-flowered gentian plant production using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan) · 2023Article
- Calcium-dependent protein kinase 16 phosphorylates and activates the aquaporin PIP2;2 to regulate reversible flower opening in Gentiana scabra.The Plant cell · 2022Article
- Isolation and Functional Analysis ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Identification of Candidate Genes Responsible for Flower Colour Intensity inFrontiers in plant science · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gentian is an important ornamental flower in Japan. The corolla of the majority of cultivated Japanese gentians have green spots, which are rarely encountered in flowers of other angiosperms. Little information is available on the functional traits of the green spots. In this study, we characterized the green spots in the Japanese gentian corolla using a number of microscopic techniques. Opto-digital microscopy revealed that a single visible green spot is composed of approximately 100 epidermal cells. The epidermal cells of a green spot formed a dome-like structure and the cell lumen contained many green structures that were granular and approximately 5 μm in diameter. The green structures emitted red autofluorescence when irradiated with 488 nm excitation light. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the green structures contained typical thylakoids and grana, thus indicating they are chloroplasts. No grana were observed and the thylakoids had collapsed in the plastids of epidermal cells surrounding green spots. To estimate the rate of photosynthetic electron transfer of the green spots, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence using the MICROSCOPY version of an Imaging-PAM (pulse-amplitude-modulated) fluorometer. Under actinic light of 449 μmol m-2 s-1, substantial electron flow through photosystem II was observed. Observation of green spot formation during corolla development revealed that immature green spots formed at an early bud stage and developed to maturity associated with chloroplast degradation in the surrounding epidermal cells. These results confirmed that the Japanese gentian corolla contains functional chloroplasts in restricted areas of epidermal cells and indicated that a sophisticated program for differential regulation of chloroplast formation and degradation is operative in the epidermis.
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