SynthesisJournal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community2021
The predictors, barriers and facilitators to effective management of acute pain in children by emergency medical services: A systematic mixed studies review.
Synthesis in Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness and Experiences of Self-Management Interventions in Adults With Multiple Long-Term Conditions: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2026Pooled it
- Individualized Therapeutic Environments for Pain Management in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Assessment of Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge Regarding Pain Management in Children in Public Hospitals in Greece.Cureus · 2026Article
- Senior emergency medical care students' readiness and confidence to practice paediatric pain management.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2026Article
- Nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding children's pain assessment and management in Nepal.Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community · 2025Article
- Barriers and facilitators of pain management in children: a scoping review.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Article
- The use of strong analgesics for prehospital pain management in children in the region of Southern Denmark: a register-based study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Patient, family member, and ambulance staff experiences of prehospital acute pain management in adults: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2023Article
- Improving ambulance care for children suffering acute pain: a qualitative interview study.BMC emergency medicine · 2022Article
- Analgesia in pediatric trauma patients in physician-staffed Austrian helicopter rescue: a 12-year registry analysis.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2021Article
- An EXploration of the facilitators and barriers to paramedics' assessment and treatment of pain in PAediatric patients following Trauma (EX-PAT).British paramedic journal · 2021Article
- Pre-Hospital Pain Management in Children with Injuries: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Ambulance clinician perspectives of disparity in prehospital child pain management: A mixed methods study.Health science reports · 2021Article
- Mixed methods in pre-hospital research: understanding complex clinical problems.British paramedic journal · 2020Article
- What's New in Emergency, Trauma, and Shock - When Caution Causes Harm: Rethinking Analgesia in Pediatric Trauma.Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shockArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We aimed to identify predictors, barriers and facilitators to effective pre-hospital pain management in children. A segregated systematic mixed studies review was performed. We searched from inception to 30-June-2020: MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus. Empirical quantitative, qualitative and multi-method studies of children under 18 years, their relatives or emergency medical service staff were eligible. Two authors independently performed screening and selection, quality assessment, data extraction and quantitative synthesis. Three authors performed thematic synthesis. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation and Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research were used to determine the confidence in cumulative evidence. From 4030 articles screened, 78 were selected for full text review, with eight quantitative and five qualitative studies included. Substantial heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Predictors of effective pain management included: 'child sex (male)', 'child age (younger)', 'type of pain (traumatic)' and 'analgesic administration'. Barriers and facilitators included internal (fear, clinical experience, education and training) and external (relatives and colleagues) influences on the clinician along with child factors (child's experience of event, pain assessment and management). Confidence in the cumulative evidence was deemed low. Efforts to facilitate analgesic administration should take priority, perhaps utilising the intranasal route. Further research is recommended to explore the experience of the child. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017058960.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.