ReviewExpert opinion on drug delivery2020
Nicotine forms: why and how do they matter in nicotine delivery from electronic cigarettes?
Review in Expert opinion on drug delivery, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The role of sweet/fruit-flavored disposable electronic cigarettes on early nicotine initiation - a systematic review.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing the impact of protonating acid combinations in e-cigarette liquids: a randomised, crossover study on nicotine pharmacokinetics.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Article
- Nicotine-Mediated Redox and Nitrosative Stress in Cardiorenal Health.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Review
- Effects of nicotine concentration and pH on nicotine pouch appeal and sensory experience: A randomized experimental study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Effects of E-Liquid Formulations on Nicotine Vapor Pressure and Implications for Nicotine Delivery and Toxicity.Toxics · 2026Article
- Effect of packaging with versus without candy-oriented marketing themes on the appeal and sensory attributes of flavoured e-cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Effects of freebase/protonated nicotine concentration, liquid composition and electrical power on throat hit in direct-to-lung vaping: theory and clinical measurements.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- E-cigarettes and cardiovascular health: a review of components, mechanisms, and clinical risk.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2026Review
- Vaping and smoking trajectories among youth and adults in the United States across the period 2014-2022.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- E-Cigarette Use Among University Students: A Structured Literature Review of Health Risks, Behavioral and Social Determinants, and Nursing Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Reversed-Phase (RP) and Hydrophilic Interaction (HILIC) Separation Mechanisms for the Assay of Nicotine and E-Cigarette Liquids.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Cytisine compared to combination nicotine replacement therapy to reduce cigarette consumption in relapsed smokers: protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Produced from Commercial Nicotine Salt-Based E-Liquids.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Investigating oral nicotine pouch use among adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: prevalence, awareness, susceptibility, and associated symptoms.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Behavioral and neurochemical alterations induced by long-term exposure to tobacco heating system emissions in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Salivary Metabolic Pathway Alterations in Brazilian E-Cigarette Users.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A Review of the Toxicity of Ingredients in e-Cigarettes, Including Those Ingredients Having the FDA's "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" Regulatory Status for Use in Food.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionUnregulated e-cigarette devices and their nicotine content have amplified the potential of e-cigarettes as addictive agents. Several e-cigarette-related parameters have been identified altering nicotine's absorption profile, so their potential effects on addiction should be considered. Of these factors, nicotine forms (protonated and free base) play a significant role in the addiction potential yet their impact on nicotine's absorption has been studied with limited research. AREAS COVERED: Current review aims to emphasize on the possible mechanism behind different absorption profiles of nicotine forms considering their physical states (droplet and vapor phase) and the aerosol particle size, their analysis in e-cigarette research and the regulatory attention warranted by them to combat nicotine addiction in the population due to e-cigarettes. EXPERT OPINION: The protonated form of nicotine is being correlated with the smooth sensory effects and high nicotine absorption as compared to free base nicotine. With the introduction of nicotine salts, which yield mostly the protonated form, the youth popularity of e-cigarettes has spiked exponentially. While it is important to control nicotine levels in e-cigarette products, attention should also be given to the nicotine forms present in these products in order to address nicotine addiction in the population.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.