ArticleGastroenterology2020
Clostridioides difficile Toxin A Remodels Membranes and Mediates DNA Entry Into Cells to Activate Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling.
Article in Gastroenterology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 peptide fragments selectively dysregulate specific immune cell populations via Gaussian curvature targeting.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Multivalent Co-assembly of LL37-CpG nanoparticles: Enhanced immune response through activating multiple cell internalization pathways.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Mechanisms ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Viral afterlife: SARS-CoV-2 as a reservoir of immunomimetic peptides that reassemble into proinflammatory supramolecular complexes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Microbial sensing in the intestine.Protein & cell · 2023Review
- Stool Interleukin-1β Differentiates Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) From Asymptomatic Carriage and Non-CDI Diarrhea.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Review
- Platelets promote human macrophages-mediated macropinocytosis ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Bacterial DNAemia in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Association with Cognitive Decline, Plasma BDNF Levels, and Inflammatory Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Assembly of ordered DNA-curli fibril complexes during Salmonella biofilm formation correlates with strengths of the type I interferon and autoimmune responses.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Amyloid-containing biofilms and autoimmunity.Current opinion in structural biology · 2022Review
- Gut microbiota influence immunotherapy responses: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2022Review
- The Role of Toll-Like Receptor-2 inFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsClostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) activates the innate immune response. TcdA co-purifies with DNA. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes bacterial DNA to initiate inflammation. We investigated whether DNA bound to TcdA activates an inflammatory response in murine models of C difficile infection via activation of TLR9.
methodsWe performed studies with human colonocytes and monocytes and macrophages from wild-type and TLR9 knockout mice incubated with TcdA or its antagonist (ODN TTAGGG) or transduced with vectors encoding TLR9 or small-interfering RNAs. Cytokine production was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We studied a transduction domain of TcdA (TcdA
resultsThe TcdA
conclusionsTcdA from C difficile can bind and organize bacterial DNA to activate TLR9. TcdA and TcdA fragments remodel membranes, which allows them to access endosomes and present bacterial DNA to and activate TLR9. Rather than inactivating the ability of DNA to bind TLR9, TcdA appears to chaperone and organize DNA into an inflammatory, spatially periodic structure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.