ArticleNature medicine2020
An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival.
Article in Nature medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06940609 (Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation), which is not on this map. Cited by 1,669 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation (MANIFEST)
Who cites it
1,669 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,683 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Methodological Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Infliximab.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Guideline
- Advances in NLRP3 inflammasome research in viral infections: evolution, trends, and future directions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors decrease mortality in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- A bidimensional early intervention strategy of standard of care in combination with corticosteroids in elderly patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (BEAT-COV study): a multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness and safety of cyclosporine A in moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized, open-label trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Immune parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during SARS-CoV2 delta and omicron waves.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Overexpression of human interleukin 6 in NaCl inducible bacterial system and its characterization.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- MiR-342-3p Attenuates Inflammation and Pyroptosis in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia by Targeting EP300.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Hyperinflammatory nutritional index as an exploratory combined inflammatory and nutritional marker: associations with cytokines and β2-microglobulin in COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Caspase-11-mediated hyperinflammation impairs CD8+ T cell immunity and viral clearance in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.JCI insight · 2026Article
- ACE2-like Catalytic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The immunology behind inflammaging-causes, sources, and mechanisms.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Review
- Convalescent plasma for persistent symptomatic COVID-19 infection in immune-suppressed patients - a case series.Infectious medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated Inflammatory, Thrombo-Inflammatory, Redox and Soluble IFNAR2 Profiling During Hospitalization for COVID-19: An Exploratory Observational Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Viral Diagnostics: Principles, Strategies, Clinical Challenges, and Future Directions.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- β-Cell Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Secretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Proteomic analysis identifies pathways related to immune dysregulation in patients with hematologic malignancies after COVID-19 infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Association of Plasma Biomarkers of Immunothrombosis With Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic timeseries links hepatic gene expression to an early and self-limited systemic response to enteric infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
1,609 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
32 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that the hyper-inflammatory response induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major cause of disease severity and death. However, predictive biomarkers of pathogenic inflammation to help guide targetable immune pathways are critically lacking. We implemented a rapid multiplex cytokine assay to measure serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) upon admission to the Mount Sinai Health System in New York. Patients (n = 1,484) were followed up to 41 d after admission (median, 8 d), and clinical information, laboratory test results and patient outcomes were collected. We found that high serum IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels at the time of hospitalization were strong and independent predictors of patient survival (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0205 and P = 0.0140, respectively). Notably, when adjusting for disease severity, common laboratory inflammation markers, hypoxia and other vitals, demographics, and a range of comorbidities, IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels remained independent and significant predictors of disease severity and death. These findings were validated in a second cohort of patients (n = 231). We propose that serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels should be considered in the management and treatment of patients with COVID-19 to stratify prospective clinical trials, guide resource allocation and inform therapeutic options.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.