ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Alterations of the gut ecological and functional microenvironment in different stages of multiple sclerosis.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in patients with autoimmune neurological diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of probiotic supplementation on the clinical and para-clinical findings of multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Deconfounded, quantitative microbiome profiling identifies robust multiple sclerosis markers and clinical covariate associations.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome profiling at multiple sclerosis onset as a potential early prognostic marker of disease course: evidence from an observational cohort study.EBioMedicine · 2026Observational
- Difficult relationships between humans and bacteria: associations between multiple sclerosis and the human microbiome.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies microbial and metabolic signatures and drivers of CNS autoimmunity.mSystems · 2026Article
- Propionic acid in multiple sclerosis: a phase 2b, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid-induced oligodendrogliopathy in vitro and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Fatigue-associated gut bacteria in Japanese healthy adults characterized by metagenomic analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multikingdom microbiome-based machine learning enables multiple sclerosis diagnosis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Targets Gut Microbiota to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- The Microbiome-Neurodegeneration Interface: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.Cells · 2026Review
- Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies microbial and metabolic signatures and drivers of CNS autoimmunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Unraveling multiple sclerosis: a hidden interaction between intestinal microbiota and host lipid metabolism.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Gut microbiota modulates CNS barrier function in murine model for multiple sclerosis.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- The periodontal pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum is associated with disease severity in multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Alterations of the nasal and oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Breaking down barriers: is intestinal mucus degradation byInfection and immunity · 2025Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, generally starts as the relapsing remitting form (RRMS), but often shifts into secondary progressive MS (SPMS). SPMS represents a more advanced stage of MS, characterized by accumulating disabilities and refractoriness to medications. The aim of this study was to clarify the microbial and functional differences in gut microbiomes of the different stages of MS. Here, we compared gut microbiomes of patients with RRMS, SPMS, and two closely related disorders with healthy controls (HCs) by 16S rRNA gene and whole metagenomic sequencing data from fecal samples and by fecal metabolites. Each patient group had a number of species having significant changes in abundance in comparison with HCs, including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria reduced in MS. Changes in some species had close association with clinical severity of the patients. A marked reduction in butyrate and propionate biosynthesis and corresponding metabolic changes were confirmed in RRMS compared with HCs. Although bacterial composition analysis showed limited differences between the patient groups, metagenomic functional data disclosed an increase in microbial genes involved in DNA mismatch repair in SPMS as compared to RRMS. Together with an increased ratio of cysteine persulfide to cysteine in SPMS revealed by sulfur metabolomics, we postulate that excessive DNA oxidation could take place in the gut of SPMS. Thus, gut ecological and functional microenvironments were significantly altered in the different stages of MS. In particular, reduced SCFA biosynthesis in RRMS and elevated oxidative level in SPMS were characteristic.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.