ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2020
Improved sanitation is associated with reduced child stunting amongst Indonesian children under 3 years of age.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices and childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Stunting in children aged under 2 years living in the eastern part of Indonesia: analysis of the 2010-2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- From gene to plate in Indonesia: a food system framework for the triple burden of malnutrition.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Coexisting maternal and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: Spatial modeling and multilevel analysis of consecutive EDHS data.PloS one · 2026Article
- Predicting severe stunting and its determinants among under-five in Eastern African Countries: A machine learning algorithms.PloS one · 2026Article
- Estimating pathways affecting stunting in families with children under aged 5 years.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Interacting Water Insecurity and Food Insecurity: Recent Advances in Theory and Application.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Improved sanitation and co-occurrence of anemia and stunting in Indonesian children: A retrospective cohort study.Narra J · 2025Article
- Examining determinants of stunting in Urban and Rural Indonesian: a multilevel analysis using the population-based Indonesian family life survey (IFLS).BMC public health · 2024Article
- Analyzing the impact of an MDG-Fund program on childhood malnutrition in Timor-Leste.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- An evolution of inequality of opportunity in the nutritional outcomes of under-five children in Malawi.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Article
- Stunting and the hope that must remain; regional and human resource development perspectives; inadequate policy problem identification process in the Tabagsel region of Indonesia.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Unraveling the South Asian enigma: concurrent manifestations of child anthropometric failures and their determinants in selected South Asian countries.BMC nutrition · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of orange almond potato cookie vs. orange potato cookie supplementation on nutritional wellbeing of the Indonesian stunted preschool-aged children during COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Safely managed sanitation practice and childhood stunting among under five years old children in Myanmar.PloS one · 2023Article
- Patterns of Socioeconomic Inequities in SDGs Relating to Children's Well-Being in Thailand and Policy Implications.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Risk factors for early childhood growth faltering in rural Cambodia: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Nutritional status and its determinants in the Eastern Mediterranean region.Saudi medical journal · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that household sanitation is associated with child nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examined whether household access to improved sanitation facilities and sources of drinking water was associated with stunting and anaemia amongst children aged 6-35 months of age in Indonesia. The sample for the analysis comprised 1,450 children aged 6-35 months who participated in the end-line survey of the maternal and young child nutrition security project in Asia, conducted in three selected districts in Indonesia. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between household sanitation and water source, and stunting and anaemia. Approximately 26% and 56% of children 6-35 months of age were stunted and anaemic, respectively. Children living in a household with improved sanitation facilities had 29% reduced odds of being stunted compared with those in a household with unimproved sanitation facilities, after adjusting for potential confounders including child's age and gender, maternal education, and iron-folic acid supplementation, as well as household wealth status and source of drinking water (OR = 0.68, 95% CI:0.48-0.96). No association between household sanitation and childhood anaemia was observed. Source of drinking water was not associated with stunting or anaemia amongst children. There were no synergistic effects of household sanitation and water supply on stunting and anaemia. This suggests that efforts to improve household sanitation condition may need to be considered an essential, integral part of the programmatic responses by governments and development partners for the prevention of childhood nutritional status. Further randomised research is necessary to determine the causal link.
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