ArticleEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2020
Monitoring of carbaryl and cypermethrin concentrations in water and soil in Southern Malawi.
Article in Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Toxicity of Four Common Environmental Chemicals Across Caenorhabditis elegans Life Stages Supporting the One Health Concept.Environmental toxicology · 2026Article
- A Comparative Study of the Effect of Commonly Used Pesticides on Cervical Contractions in Pregnant Cows, In Vitro.Toxics · 2025Article
- The natural and eco-friendly role of Cassia angustifolia in reducing carbaryl toxicity at environmentally relevant concentration.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Ameliorative Role of Vitamin C against Cypermethrin Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage inToxics · 2024Article
- Surface-Functionalized Magnetic Silica-Malachite Tricomposite (Fe-M-Si tricomposite): A Promising Adsorbent for the Removal of Cypermethrin.ACS omega · 2024Article
- Impact of endocrine disruptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: role of gender.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
- Electrochemical Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Gold Nanoparticles in a Single Step for Carbaryl Detection in Water.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Willingness to pay for the ecological restoration of an inland freshwater shallow lake: case of Lake Malombe, Malawi.Heliyon · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carbaryl (a carbamate insecticide) and cypermethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) are extensively used in agriculture. However, the presence of these insecticides in the environment constitutes a significant source of ecological contamination. This study determined the levels of these insecticides in Lisungwi, Neno District, a cotton-growing area in Southern Malawi. A total of 81 soil samples (500 g each) were collected from six sampling points (33 in dry season and 48 rainy season). A total of 86 water samples (500 ml each) were collected seasonally (20 from shallow wells, 18 from streams, and 48 from boreholes). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine carbaryl while UV/Vis spectrophotometer detected cypermethrin. Paired t test showed a significant (p < 0.05) difference between rainy season carbaryl (in water and soil) and maximum recommended levels (MRL) (Canadian guidelines and Australian Guidelines). Similarly, a significant (p < 0.05) difference between carbaryl and WHO limits and US MRL was reported in water and soil during the rainy season. A similar observation was made for cypermethrin. Specifically, carbaryl (0.083-0.254 mg/L in surface water and 0.165-0.492 mg/L in groundwater) and cypermethrin (8.115-15.460 mg/L in surface water and 4.48-12.18 mg/L in groundwater) concentrations during the rainy season were above the recommended limits. On the other hand, cypermethrin (0.01-0.048 mg/L) in the soil samples during the rainy season was below the recommended limits while carbaryl (1.67-1.305 mg/L) was above the recommended limits. Higher carbaryl and cypermethrin values were recorded during the rainy season than the dry season. Nitrate, pH, and EC and the insecticides (carbaryl and cypermethrin) depicted strong correlation and significance (p < 0.05), suggesting that these factors influenced their persistence in both soil and water. The study provides evidence that Lisungwi has cypermethrin and carbaryl concentrations above the recommended limits and their presence varies with seasons-a situation considered to be a serious threat to both aquatic biota and humans.
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