ArticleCancers2020
Sex Hormones and Hormone Therapy during COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Patients with Cancer.
Article in Cancers, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: a systematic review of current evidence.European journal of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Impacts of androgen deprivation therapy on the risks and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with prostate cancer.Asian journal of andrologyPooled it
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Navigating sarcopenia in COVID-19 patients and survivors: Understanding the long-term consequences, transitioning from hospital to community with mechanisms and interventions for future preparedness.Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) · 2024Review
- Effects of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative ReviewBalkan medical journal · 2023Review
- Estradiol and Dihydrotestosterone Levels in COVID-19 Patients.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2023Article
- The Impact of COVID-19 Infection in Cancer 2020-2021.Cancers · 2022Article
- Impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the development of COVID-19 infections and associated complications: A systematic review.World journal of methodology · 2022Article
- Article
- COVID-19, Vaccination, and Female Fertility in the Czech Republic.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2022Review
- Hormonal therapies and venous thrombosis: Considerations for prevention and management.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2022Article
- The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter?Immunology · 2022Review
- Alopecia in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JAAD international · 2022Review
- COVID-19 complications in males and females: recent developments.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2022Review
- Crosstalk between estrogen, dendritic cells, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
- Aging versus youth: Endocrine aspects of vulnerability for COVID-19.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2022Review
- Host and Viral Zinc-Finger Proteins in COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) shows a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, severity, and fatality rates. The reason older patients and males show increased risk of severe disease and death remains uncertain. Sex hormones, such as estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, might be implicated in the age-dependent and sex-specific severity of COVID-19. High testosterone levels could upregulate transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), facilitating the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Data from patients with prostate cancer treated with androgen-deprivation therapy seem to confirm this hypothesis. Clinical studies on TMPRSS2 inhibitors, such as camostat, nafamostat, and bromhexine, are ongoing. Antiandrogens, such as bicalutamide and enzalutamide, are also under investigation. Conversely, other studies suggest that the immune modulating properties of androgens could protect from the unfavorable cytokine storm, and that low testosterone levels might be associated with a worse prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Some evidence also supports the notion that estrogens and progesterone might exert a protective effect on females, through direct antiviral activity or immune-mediated mechanisms, thus explaining the higher COVID-19 severity in post-menopausal women. In this perspective, we discuss the available evidence on sex hormones and hormone therapy in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and we highlight the possible implications for cancer patients, who can receive hormonal therapies during their treatment plans.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.