ArticlePloS one2020
Association between electronic cigarette use and metabolic syndrome in the Korean general population: A nationwide population-based study.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Population-Based Disease Odds for E-Cigarettes and Dual Use versus Cigarettes.NEJM evidence · 2024Pooled it
- The Health Effects of Real-World Dual Use of Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes versus the Health Effects of Exclusive Smoking of Conventional Cigarettes: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Chronic health effects associated with electronic cigarette use: A systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use and Dual Use Associations With Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Pooled it
- Lung lipids associated with smoking and ECIG use in a cross-sectional study and clinical trial.Respiratory research · 2025Trial
- Association of Conventional and Electronic Cigarette Use with Obesity and Central Obesity Among Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2016-2018 KNHANES (2016-2018).Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Associations Between Tobacco Use Behaviors and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Analysis of the 2020-2022 KNHANES.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2026Article
- Associations of dual use and conventional cigarette smoking with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a population-based study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Multisystem Toxicity of E-Cigarettes in Preclinical and Clinical Studies: Pathophysiologic Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposures from Head to Toe.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Association of cigarette smoking intensity and pack-years with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- Exploring Vaping Patterns and Weight Management-Related Concerns among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Impact of electronic cigarette use on the increased risk of diabetes: the Korean Community Health Survey.Epidemiology and health · 2024Article
- The effect of heated tobacco products on metabolic syndrome: A cohort study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Meta-analysis of the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- Lipid profiles in users of combustible and electronic cigarettes.Vascular medicine (London, England) · 2021Article
- Is there an independent association between metabolic syndrome and smoking in Iranian adults? Results of a large multicenter national survey.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2021Article
- Differential Effects of 'Vaping' on Lipid and Glucose Profiles and Liver Metabolic Markers in Obese Versus Non-obese Mice.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesAlthough smoking is known to have a negative impact in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), only a few studies have examined the association between electronic cigarette (e-cig) use and MetS.
methodsAmong 22,948 participants in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 14,738 (13,459 [91.3%] never, 954 [6.5%] ever, and 325 [2.2%] current e-cig users) were selected. The relationship between e-cig exposure and MetS (based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel [NCEP-ATP] III criteria) was evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. An unweighted analysis was performed to evaluate this association without a sampling weight. A subgroup analysis was performed among active smokers to compare dual users with never e-cig users.
resultsAmong current e-cig users, 85.0% were dual users, 12.7% were former cigarette users, and 2.2% were only e-cig users. After adjustment for covariates, abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly associated with current e-cig exposure (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41-2.50 and OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.00-1.74 respectively [compared with the never e-cig users group]). Compared with never e-cig users, current e-cig users showed an OR of 1.27 (95% CI: 0.96-1.70, Ptrend = 0.01) for MetS. In the unweighted analysis, the OR for MetS in current e-cig users was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.08-1.81, Ptrend <0.01). Compared with never e-cig users, dual users showed a higher OR for abdominal obesity (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.25-2.34, Ptrend <0.001).
conclusionsCurrent e-cig exposure was associated with an increased risk of MetS. Dual use of e-cigs and cigarettes was associated with abdominal obesity. Further longitudinal studies and better assessment of e-cig use and type are needed to clarify this relationship.
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