ArticlePloS one2020
The effect of induced blur on the Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration and its supplemental tests.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ophthalmological outcomes, visual perception, fine motor precision, and visual-motor integration in children born very preterm.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
- Impact of uncorrected hyperopia on visual function and academic performance in preschool and school-age children.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Review
- The neural signature of high myopia: structural and functional brain alterations and their cognitive-emotional associations.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- The Impact of School Closures during COVID-19 Lockdown on Visual-Motor Integration and Block Design Performance: A Comparison of Two Cohorts of Preschool Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Association between Visual Perception and Socioeconomic Status in Malaysian Preschool Children: Results from the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-4.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Visual-motor integration scale for Korean elderly (VMIS-KE) is an effective indicator for cognitive changes in diabetic older adults.Journal of exercise rehabilitation · 2022Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe Beery-Buktenica Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) is a commonly used standardized test of visual-motor integration. Performance on the test is related to academic achievement, but the effect of reduced visual acuity on test results is unknown. This study determined the visual acuity demand and the spacing of the test forms for the Beery VMI and its supplemental tests and investigated the effect of induced optical blur on test results in both adults and children.
methodsThe overall size and critical detail size of each form and the distance between the center of each form and its adjacent crowding source were measured. The visual acuity demand and angular separation of forms were calculated. Two groups of participants (adults aged ≥18 years [n = 19] and children aged 7-12 years [n = 20]) completed four sessions in which they performed the Beery VMI and the supplemental tests under different blur conditions (habitual near correction, monocular spherical blur, binocular spherical blur and binocular astigmatic blur) in a randomized order.
resultsStroke width, overall form size and box size remained constant throughout the Beery VMI, whereas these reduced with increasing difficulty for the supplemental tests. Reduced near visual acuity from simulated blur resulted in reduced mean scores for the Beery VMI and its supplemental tests, compared with habitual near vision in both adults and children. Binocular spherical blur had the most detrimental effect (p<0.001), followed by binocular astigmatic blur (p<0.001) then monocular spherical blur (p = 0.022).
conclusionsIn individuals with uncorrected spherical or astigmatic ametropia, reduced scores on the Beery VMI and its supplemental tests may be due to impaired near visual acuity and not reflect reduced visual-motor abilities. This highlights the importance of excluding reduced near visual acuity as a cause of reduced performance before diagnosing impairment and initiating treatment strategies for visual-motor integration.
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