ArticleTobacco control2021
Economic cost of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.
Article in Tobacco control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparison of smokers' mortality with non-smokers following out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Secondhand smoke exposure at home and its association with tobacco use among adolescents in Saudi Arabia: findings from the 2022 global youth tobacco survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Modifiable lifestyle factors and their association with depression and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults: a multicriteria index analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Global Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Attributable to Tobacco Exposure Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis of GBD 2021 Data With Projections to 2042.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists on pharmacological approaches to smoking cessation in Saudi Arabia.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Perceived motivators and barriers to implementation of a smoke-free common area policy in multiunit housing in urban Bangladesh.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoking Among Omani Male Adolescents and the Sociodemographic Correlates: A Cross-sectional Study.Oman medical journal · 2025Article
- Trends in the prevalence and factors associated with indoor smoking in 24 countries Party to the WHO FCTC: implications for equitable policy implementation.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Overview of tobacco cessation service in Oman: A narrative review.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Review
- Gulf region smoking mortality trends and forecasts: A 30-year systematic evaluation of tobacco-attributable deaths.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of smoke-free interventions: A systematic review.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Review
- Sociodemographic, health-related, and external determinants of quit attempts among adult tobacco users: A cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample in Oman.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Article
- Estimating the Direct Medical Costs of Smoking-Attributable Non-communicable Diseases in Northeastern Iran From 2015 to 2023.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Prevalence and predictors of active and passive smoking in Saudi Arabia: A survey among attendees of primary healthcare centers in Riyadh.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- The economic cost of direct smoking in South Korea.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents in the gulf cooperation council countries: analysis of global youth tobacco surveys.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- A decade of tobacco control efforts: Implications for tobacco smoking prevalence in Eastern Mediterranean countries.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Economic Costs of Tobacco Related Illnesses in Kenya.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe economic cost of smoking has been determined in many high-income countries as well as at a global level. This paper estimates the economic cost of smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), for which no detailed study exists.
methodsWe used data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2016 and the cost-of-illness approach to estimate direct costs (healthcare expenditures) and indirect costs (productivity losses due to morbidity and mortality). Indirect cost was estimated with and without the inclusion of musculoskeletal disorders, using the human capital approach.
resultsTotal cost of smoking and SHS was estimated to be purchasing power parity (PPP)$ 34.5 billion in 2016, equivalent to 1.04% of the combined gross domestic product (GDP). SHS accounted for 20.4% of total cost. The highest proportion of indirect cost resulted from smoking in men and middle-aged people. The main causes of morbidity cost from smoking and SHS were chronic respiratory diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases were the main contributor to mortality cost for both smoking and exposure to SHS. Including musculoskeletal disorders increased total cost to PPP$ 41.3 billion (1.25% of the combined GDP).
conclusionThe economic cost of smoking and SHS in the GCC states is relatively low compared with other high-income countries. Scaling-up implementation of evidence-based policies will prevent the evolution of a tobacco epidemic with its negative consequences for health and public finances.
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