ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2020
Novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes and their association with microvascular outcomes in an Asian Indian population: a data-driven cluster analysis: the INSPIRED study.
Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06706609 (Classification of Adult-onset Diabetes in Five Subgroups in Pakistani Population), which is not on this map. Cited by 128 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Classification of Adult-onset Diabetes in Five Subgroups in Pakistani Population
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Clinical and laboratory characteristics of novel diabetes subgroups: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Narrative Review onEndocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Pooled it
- Ethnic differences between Asians and non-Asians in clustering-based phenotype classification of adult-onset diabetes mellitus: A systematic narrative review.Primary care diabetes · 2022Pooled it
- Prediabetes Subgroups, Type 2 Diabetes Risk, and Differential Effects of Preventive Interventions.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- Perceived stress and progression of cardiometabolic risk factors among South Asians with prediabetes in a lifestyle intervention trial.Primary care diabetes · 2024Trial
- Randomized open-label trial of semaglutide and dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes of different pathophysiology.Nature metabolism · 2024Trial
- Validation of the classification for type 2 diabetes into five subgroups: a report from the ORIGIN trial.Diabetologia · 2022Trial
- Type 2 diabetes subtypes for precision medicine: methodological challenges and alternative prediction-based approaches.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Data-driven subclassification of type 2 diabetes in Mexico: a conceptual framework to improve diabetes care.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Review
- Subtypes of pre-diabetes in rural adolescent girls from India (DERVAN-11).BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Impacting lives of people with diabetes: lessons learnt in India may be applicable to other low- and middle-income countries.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Single-cell profiling of pancreatic islets maps subtype-associated molecular alterations in type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Applying Artificial Intelligence to Childhood Obesity: T2DM and MASLD Risk Predictive Models.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Subtypes of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: Mortality and Excess Life Lost in South Asians.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Enriched Metabolic Phenotyping Refines Phenotypic Resolution of Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Genetic basis of Asian diabetes.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Review
- Assessment of fatal cardiovascular disease risk using data-driven diabetes subgroups and SCORE2-Diabetes: a prospective, observational, population-based analysis of adults with diabetes in Mexico City.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Identification of Patient Clusters with Distinct Disease Progression Patterns Utilizing a Nationwide Finnish Population with Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Article
- Selection-guided discovery in South Asians implicates the MAPT locus in insulin resistance.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Subtypes of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and risk of complications: analysis of electronic health records in the USA.Diabetologia · 2026Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionType 2 diabetes is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in its etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation. We aimed to identify clusters of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians and to look at the clinical implications and outcomes of this clustering. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsFrom a network of 50 diabetes centers across nine states of India, we selected 19 084 individuals with type 2 diabetes (aged 10-97 years) with diabetes duration of less than 5 years at the time of first clinic visit and performed k-means clustering using the following variables: age at diagnosis, body mass index, waist circumference, glycated hemoglobin, serum triglycerides, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C peptide (fasting and stimulated). This was then validated in a national epidemiological data set of representative individuals from 15 states across India.
resultsWe identified four clusters of patients, differing in phenotypic characteristics as well as disease outcomes: cluster 1 (Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes, SIDD), cluster 2 (Insulin Resistant Obese Diabetes, IROD), cluster 3 (Combined Insulin Resistant and Deficient Diabetes, CIRDD) and cluster 4 (Mild Age-Related Diabetes, MARD). While SIDD and MARD are similar to clusters reported in other populations, IROD and CIRDD are novel clusters. Cox proportional hazards showed that SIDD had the highest hazards for developing retinopathy, followed by CIRDD, while CIRDD had the highest hazards for kidney disease.
conclusionsCompared with previously reported clustering, we show two novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes in the Asian Indian population with important implications for prognosis and management. The coexistence of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance seems to be peculiar to the Asian Indian population and is associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.