ArticleBritish journal of cancer2020
Let the question determine the methods: descriptive epidemiology done right.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-based differences in placental DNA methylation profiles related to gestational age: an NIH ECHO meta-analysis.Epigenetics · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical risk factors of adverse outcomes among women with COVID-19 in the pregnancy and postpartum period: a sequential, prospective meta-analysis.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Pooled it
- Natural history of fibroids in pregnancy: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies - Singletons cohort.Fertility and sterility · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Intergenerational Child Protection Contact and Child Development Outcomes: A Whole Population Linked Data Study.The Medical journal of Australia · 2026Observational
- Cancer Screening Among Older Adults Above 75 Years of Age According to Health Status: A Population-Based Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Personality development from early to middle adulthood in the general population and those with mental health difficulties.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cardiac monitoring in adolescent and young adult cancer patients treated with anthracyclines: a longitudinal descriptive study.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Cardiac self efficacy and Mediterranean diet adherence in patients with coronary heart disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Relationships between cerebral blood flow and cognition in young adults born very preterm and at term.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Covariate adjustment in LGBTQ+ health disparities research: aligning methods with assumptions.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Social Risk Burden among US Cancer Survivors across Adulthood: Evidence from the 2022-2023 BRFSS.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- Quantifying inequality in the utilization of healthcare services provided by community-based health planning and services and its correlates in selected urban poor communities in Ghana: an analytic cross-sectional study, 2023.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Ultra-early computed tomography markers of haematoma expansion: Potential trial targets?European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Treatment patterns of symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Ketosis and ketoacidosis in hospitalized patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitor therapy.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Differences in Parkinson's Disease Populations: Teaching Hospitals Versus Other Settings and Implications for Clinical Trials.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Article
- Unmet needs among long-term breast cancer survivors.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
What does it mean to control for confounding, and when do we actually need to do it? To answer this, we need a well-defined research question, driven by the goal of the study. For descriptive goals, we explain that confounding adjustment is often not just unnecessary but can be harmful.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.