ReviewEnvironmental science & technology2020
Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group.
Review in Environmental science & technology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Differential Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Handwashing Interventions to Reduce Child Diarrhea in Dry and Rainy Seasons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Trials.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Pooled it
- Is detection of enteropathogens and human or animal faecal markers in the environment associated with subsequent child enteric infections and growth: an individual participant data meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Priorities and opportunities for strengthening hygiene and One Health alignment in research, policy and practice.BMC global and public health · 2026Review
- Videography of pathways for enteric pathogen exposure among children in urban informal settlements in Fiji and Indonesia.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Rainfall and temperature influence effectiveness of on-site sanitation intervention against E. coli contamination in Bangladeshi households.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Variability of enteric pathogen infections by season and meteorological conditions in a low-income, urban setting in Mozambique.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Variability of enteric pathogen infections by season and meteorological conditions in a low-income, urban setting in Mozambique.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Development of an enteric pathogen multiplex immunoassay to measure antibody responses in blood and saliva for integrated serology applications.Journal of immunological methods · 2025Article
- Associations between Fecal Contamination of the Household Environment and Enteric Pathogen Detection in Children Living in Maputo, Mozambique.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Urban water network upgrades improve quality and access to drinking water in the PAASIM matched cohort study in Beira, Mozambique.Research square · 2025Article
- Quantification of Viruses in Wastewater on a Centrifugal Microfluidic Disc.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators on enteric viral pathogens among under-5 children in low resource settings.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- Environmental Exposures Associated with Enteropathogen Infection in Six-Month-Old Children Enrolled in the ECoMiD Cohort along a Rural-Urban Gradient in Northern Ecuador†.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Moving beyond Wastewater: Perspectives on Environmental Surveillance of Infectious Diseases for Public Health Action in Low-Resource Settings.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Associations between C-reactive protein and individual symptoms of depression in a lower-middle income country.BJPsych open · 2024Article
- A multi-pathogen behavioral exposure model for young children playing in public spaces in developing communities.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Exploring the water, sanitation and hygiene status and health outcomes in Zimbabwe: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Understanding the role of household hygiene practices and foodborne disease risks in child stunting: a UKRI GCRF Action Against Stunting Hub protocol paper.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Infections with enteric pathogens impose a heavy disease burden, especially among young children in low-income countries. Recent findings from randomized controlled trials of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have raised questions about current methods for assessing environmental exposure to enteric pathogens. Approaches for estimating sources and doses of exposure suffer from a number of shortcomings, including reliance on imperfect indicators of fecal contamination instead of actual pathogens and estimating exposure indirectly from imprecise measurements of pathogens in the environment and human interaction therewith. These shortcomings limit the potential for effective surveillance of exposures, identification of important sources and modes of transmission, and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we summarize current and emerging approaches used to characterize enteric pathogen hazards in different environmental media as well as human interaction with those media (external measures of exposure), and review methods that measure human infection with enteric pathogens as a proxy for past exposure (internal measures of exposure). We draw from lessons learned in other areas of environmental health to highlight how external and internal measures of exposure can be used to more comprehensively assess exposure. We conclude by recommending strategies for advancing enteric pathogen exposure assessments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.