Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32811451›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2020

Barriers in access to healthcare services for individuals with disorders of sex differentiation in Bangladesh: an analysis of regional representative cross-sectional data.

Alam Khan, T M Fahad, Md Imran Nur Manik, Hazrat Ali, Md Ashiquazzaman, Md Ibrahim Mollah, Tanjeena Zaman, Md Shariful Islam, Moizur Rahman, Aminur Rahman and 4 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
0.3field-weighted citation impact, top 46% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Differences of sex development.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025
    Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.

Alam KhanDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. alamkhan792002@yahoo.co.in.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2482-7403
T M FahadDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
Md Imran Nur ManikDepartment of Pharmacy, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Hazrat AliDepartment of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Md AshiquazzamanDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
Md Ibrahim MollahDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
Tanjeena ZamanDepartment of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Md Shariful IslamDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Moizur RahmanDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Aminur RahmanDepartment of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Mostafizur RahmanDepartment of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Tarannum NazDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
Mahmud Arif PavelDepartment of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, USA.
Md Nuruzzaman KhanDepartment of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
University of Rajshahi · BDScripps Research Institute · USInternational Islamic University Chittagong · BDJatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University · BDNorthern University Bangladesh · BDUniversity of Ha'il · SA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWorldwide people in disorder of sex development (DSD) faces multiple barriers while seeking their social rights, particularly healthcare services. We aimed to explore the healthcare opportunities available to them, using patterns of healthcare utilization and difficulties faced by DSD population in accessing healthcare services in Bangladesh.

methodsData from a total of 945 DSD population and 71 medical staff were analyzed, collected from three major divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, and Rajshahi) in Bangladesh during the period of January to December of 2017. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data via face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistic was used to determine the frequencies of the visit by the DSD population in healthcare facilities as well as to analyze difficulties experienced by the DSD population in getting healthcare services. Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the association between perceived barriers in getting healthcare services and failures of the DSD population to receive the healthcare services.

resultsPresent data revealed that around 80% of DSD population sought healthcare services from government healthcare facilities, where the overall success rate in getting healthcare services was less than 50%. The DSD population reported a number of reasons for failures in getting healthcare services, including non-friendly interaction by non-clinical hospital's staff, non-friendly interaction by physicians, public fright as general people do not want to mingle with a DSD person, undesirable excess public interest in DSD individuals, and limitation of the treatment opportunities of hospitals to merely male or female patients. Among the stated reasons, the most frequently reported reason was non-friendly interaction by physicians (50.27%), followed by undesirable excess public interest in DSD individuals (50.16%).

conclusionDSD population in Bangladesh have limited access to healthcare facilities and facing multiple barriers to get healthcare services. Initiatives from the government and social organizations are important to ensure their access to healthcare services.

Indexed as

Health Services AccessibilitySex DifferentiationAdolescentAdultBangladeshCross-Sectional StudiesDisorders of Sex DevelopmentFemaleHealth Care SurveysHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient Acceptance of Health CareYoung AdultBangladeshDisorder of sex developmentHealthcare facilitiesSocial discrimination

Identifiers

PMID32811451
PMCPMC7437164
OpenAlexW3066487601

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.