ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2021
Joint effect of diabetes and opiate use on all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Golestan cohort study.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of LX9211 for Relief of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (RELIEF-DPN 1): Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Study.Diabetes care · 2024Trial
- Elevated Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Cannabis, Opioid, and Cocaine Use Disorders.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- A hierarchical clinical fusion transformer model for personalized opioid treatment: Development and validation in diabetic surgical patients.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment and Health Outcomes in Methadone-Treated Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Diabetes.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- The association between glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist prescriptions and substance-related outcomes in patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders: A real-world data analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Relationship between Diabetes with Drug Use, Family History and Alcohol; Insights from the PERSIAN Cohort Study for Health Service Management :.Galen medical journal · 2025Article
- Mitigating Sociodemographic Bias in Opioid Use Disorder Prediction: Fairness-Aware Machine Learning Framework.JMIR AI · 2024Article
- Association Between Incident Type 2 Diabetes and Opium Use: Mediation by Body Mass and Adiposity.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Incident cancers attributable to using opium and smoking cigarettes in the Golestan cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Loss of ATP-sensitive channel expression and function decreases opioid sensitivity in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Neurological Effects of Combining Low Toxic Dose of Tramadol and Nicotine: An Animal Model Evidence of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.BioMed research international · 2023Article
- National and subnational survey on diabetes burden and quality of care index in Iran: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 1990-2019.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2022Article
- TSH levels within the normal range and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among individuals with diabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022Article
- Lead poisoning among asymptomatic individuals with a long-term history of opiate use in Golestan Cohort Study.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
18 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany diabetic individuals use prescription and non-prescription opioids and opiates. We aimed to investigate the joint effect of diabetes and opiate use on all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
methodsGolestan Cohort study is a prospective population-based study in Iran. A total of 50 045 people-aged 40-75, 28 811 women, 8487 opiate users, 3548 diabetic patients-were followed during a median of 11.1 years, with over 99% success follow-up. Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals (HRs, 95% CIs), and preventable death attributable to each risk factor, were calculated.
resultsAfter 533 309 person-years, 7060 deaths occurred: 4178 (10.8%) of non-diabetic non-opiate users, 757 (25.3%) diabetic non-users, 1906 (24.0%) non-diabetic opiate users and 219 (39.8%) diabetic opiate users. Compared with non-diabetic non-users, HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality were 2.17 (2.00-2.35) in diabetic non-opiate users, 1.63 (1.53-1.74) in non-diabetic opiate users and 2.76 (2.40-3.17) in diabetic opiate users. Among those who both had diabetes and used opiates, 63.8% (95% CI: 58.3%-68.5%) of all deaths were attributable to these risk factors, compared with 53.9% (95% CI: 50%-57.4%) in people who only had diabetes and 38.7% (95% CI: 34.6%-42.5%) in non-diabetic opiate users. Diabetes was more strongly associated with cardiovascular than cancer mortality. The risk of early mortality in known cases of diabetes did not depend on whether they started opiate use before or after their diagnosis.
conclusionsUsing opiates is detrimental to the health of diabetic patients. Public awareness about the health effects of opiates, and improvement of diabetes care especially among individuals with or at risk of opiate use, are necessary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.