ReviewJournal of neurotrauma2020
Beyond Binary: Influence of Sex and Gender on Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury.
Review in Journal of neurotrauma, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Review of Sex and Gender Effects in Traumatic Brain Injury: Equity in Clinical and Functional Outcomes.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis: A Narrative Review.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Review
- Sex and Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep During Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.European journal of sport science · 2026Review
- Mild pediatric traumatic brain injury has sex-specific effects on neuroimmune cells and social behavior in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Incidence and mortality related risk factors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A meta‑analysis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Relationship between growth differentiation factor 15 and functional prognosis and severity in traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Neurorehabilitation technologies and functional recovery after brain injury: influence of sex, an integrative review.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Review
- Factors associated with progression and sex-specific patterns in chronic subdural hematoma: a single-centre retrospective study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Article
- Timing matters: Sex differences in inflammatory and behavioral outcomes following repetitive blast mild traumatic brain injury.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Lipocalin-2 Is a Key Regulator of Neuroinflammation in Secondary Traumatic and Ischemic Brain Injury.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Article
- Integration of multiple prognostic predictors in a porcine spinal cord injury model: A further step closer to reality.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Long-Term Functional Outcome and Quality of Life in Long-Term Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors.Neurotrauma reports · 2023Article
- Characterizing Sex Differences in Clinical and Functional Outcomes Among Military Veterans with a Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation (CTBIE): A Million Veteran Program (MVP) Study.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2022Article
- Sex specific effects of buprenorphine on behavior, astrocytic opioid receptor expression and neuroinflammation after pediatric traumatic brain injury in mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- Moderate and severe TBI in children and adolescents: The effects of age, sex, and injury severity on patient outcome 6 months after injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Sex, Genes, and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Call for a Gender Inclusive Approach to the Study of TBI in the Lab.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Article
- Spatial Distribution of Neuropathology and Neuroinflammation Elucidate the Biomechanics of Fluid Percussion Injury.Neurotrauma reports · 2021Article
- Sex Differences in Behavioral Symptoms and the Levels of Circulating GFAP, Tau, and NfL in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- An Analysis on How Socioeconomic and Geographical Factors Influence Recognition of Sport Related Concussion in the Lone Star State.Sage open pediatricsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of individuals each year and is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. TBI is heterogeneous and outcome is influenced by a combination of factors that include injury location, severity, genetics, and environmental factors. More recently, sex as a biological variable has been incorporated into TBI research, although there is conflicting literature regarding clinical outcomes in males versus females after TBI. We review the current clinical literature investigating sex differences after TBI. We focus our discussion on differences within contemporary gender categories to suggest that binary categories of male and female are not sufficient to guide clinical decisions for neurotrauma. Some studies have considered physiological variables that influence sex such as hormone cycles and stages in males and females pre- and post-TBI. These data suggest that there are phasic differences within male populations and within female populations that influence an individual's outcome after TBI. Finally, we discuss the impact of gender identity and expression on outcome after TBI and highlight the lack of neurotrauma research that includes non-binary individuals. Social constructs regarding gender impact an individual's vulnerability to violence and consequent TBI, including the successful reintegration to society after TBI. We call for incorporation of gender beyond the binary in TBI education, research, and clinical care. Precision medicine necessarily must progress beyond the binary to treat individuals after TBI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.