ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2021
Examining Cesarean Delivery Rates by Race: a Population-Based Analysis Using the Robson Ten-Group Classification System.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- A sum of its parts: A systematic review evaluating biopsychosocial and behavioral determinants of perinatal depression.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- The Association Between Experiencing Racial Discrimination and Delivery Method Among Women in the United States, PRAMS 2016-2021.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Patient and medical choice across public and private health providers: the case of birth timing manipulation in Brazil.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Low-Risk Unplanned Cesarean Birth: Disaggregating Asian Data.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Characteristics and Outcomes Among Asian Birthing People in the American Association of Birth Centers Perinatal Data Registry.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Low-risk Cesareans Across the US: A Decomposition of Individual- and County-level Factors by Race/Ethnicity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Spatial and Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Prevalence of Cesarean Delivery in a South Carolina Medical Center.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Observational
- Racial Disparities in Nulliparous Singleton Term Vertex Cesarean Deliveries: Rates, Reasons, and Time to Delivery.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Evaluating rates and factors associated with cesarean section and inpatient cost among low-risk deliveries in selected U.S. states.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Severe Maternal Morbidity by Race and Ethnicity and Birth Mode Among Individuals With a Prior Cesarean Birth.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Building Better Medicine: Translational Justice and the Quest for Equity in US Healthcare.The American journal of bioethics : AJOB · 2025Article
- Comparison of vaginal breech deliveries with and without magnetic resonance imaging in primigravidas: a retrospective cohort analysis and literature review.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Review
- Racial inequities in cesarean use among high- and low-risk deliveries: An analysis of childbirth hospitalizations in New Jersey from 2000 to 2015.Health services research · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic disadvantage and racial/ethnic disparities in low-risk cesarean birth in California.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Overlapping social structures behind Brazil's cesarean section births: A decomposition analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Geographic Variation in Cesarean Sections in the United States: Trends, Correlates, and Other Interesting Facts.Journal of labor economics · 2024Article
- Racial disparities in low-risk cesarean birth rates across hospitals.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Factors influencing the effect of external cephalic version: a retrospective nationwide cohort analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Robson Ten-Group Classification System is widely considered to be the gold standard for comparing cesarean section (CS) delivery rates, despite limited adoption in the United States (US). When reporting overall CS rates, Blacks and other minorities are typically reported to have high CS rates but comparing overall CS rates may be misleading as CS may be more common in some higher risk populations. Improved understanding of how CS rates differ by race among standardized groups could highlight differences in care and areas for improvement. The current study examines racial differences in cesarean section delivery rates using the Robson Ten-Group Classification System in a nationwide sample. Data from US vital statistics live birth certificates were used to identify 3,906,088 births which were each classified into one of the ten groups based on five obstetric characteristics identifiable on presentation for delivery including parity, onset of labor, gestational age, fetal presentation, and number of fetuses. Results indicated that Black and Asian mothers had the highest CS rates in groups 1-4 which all contain single, cephalic pregnancies at term with no prior CS and are only differentiated by parity and onset of labor. Black mothers also had the lowest CS rates for groups 6 and 7, containing women with nulliparous and multiparous breech births. Black and Asian mothers show differences in CS rates among groups that could indicate lack of appropriate care. Efforts should be made to prevent unnecessary primary CS among low-risk mothers.
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